Integrating Strategy, Management and Change (Strategy Development) Research Paper

Coordinating Strategy, Management and Change (Strategy Development) - Research Paper Example Scholarly specialists have brought up criticalness of execution estimation as far as both reasonable and hypothetical viewpoint. The idea of execution estimation is multidimensional in light of the fact that the model consolidates bookkeeping writing as well as other administration fields like activity and creation the executives, promoting and vital administration too. Hierarchical hypothesis model assumed critical job in creating execution estimation models, for example, Key Performance Indicator, Balance Scorecard and Performance Prism. Issue with the writing survey of execution estimation is disengagement due to unique and divided discoveries of exploration researchers. Analysts have attempted to make a connection between Organizational viability (OE) and execution estimation yet tragically just a couple of them have succeeded. Scholastic researchers have contended that authoritative adequacy assumes sincere job for planning non money related components of execution estimation ap paratuses. In 2000, Flamholtz and Aksehirli proposed a connection between budgetary part of execution estimation and authoritative achievement model. They broke down both budgetary and non monetary components of adjusted scorecard so as to test the theorized relationship. They tried eight sets of organizations of different enterprises and Average Return on Equity was utilized as a marker of money related execution. They utilized Friedman two way difference examination and discovered factually critical connection between money related part of execution estimation and authoritative achievement model (Flamholtz, 2003, pp. 15-26). Two Theoretical Perspectives for Strategic Performance Measurement Multidimensionality of execution consistently makes fracture for sending key execution estimation models. Multidimensionality of execution is exemplified because of association of complex money related and non monetary components. There is a typical confidence in the field of execution estimati on that if the new models, for example, Balance scorecard or Performance crystal are actualized, there will be generally hierarchical execution improvement (Bourne et al., 1999, pp. 373-95). Shockingly the conviction is somewhat obvious in light of the fact that effect of execution the board is a lot of affected by hierarchical goal. The investigation will be fragmented without referencing sway subsystems in execution estimation. Analysts have brought up that sending venture vital execution the executives is unquestionably increasingly successful in contrast with key execution estimation. In 2005, Neely has contended business pioneers need to embrace dynamic, adaptable and fit key execution estimation model so as to adapt to elements of outside condition (Neely, 2005, pp. 1264-77). In 1993, Platts has introduced an all encompassing methodology of key execution estimation as far as righteous pattern of learning association. Examination researchers (Slack,

Do the Right Thing Analysis Free Essays

Make the best choice, a film coordinated by Spike Lee, shot on a bright summer day in a dark neighborhood in Brooklyn is the thing that many think about an extraordinary film. The film depicts accounts of numerous on-screen characters comprising from various palettes, where every ha their own contentions and battles. It is an engaging film yet it will leave you genuinely associated with the occasions that occurred. We will compose a custom paper test on Make the best choice Analysis or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now It would not have arrived at its present achievement on the off chance that it wasn’t for the exceptional cinematography. In the coming segments I will discuss the shots, points, lighting styles, imagery and shading. Authenticity The authenticity of this film is truly clear, where Spike Lee was attempting to pass on the physical truth of the dark individuals who live in a socially different system. There were a few characters in the film and each had his own story, the progression of the, hopping from one character different gives the inclination that there is no control of the story, it’s the genuine article and this is the manner by which things move in Brooklyn in a course of events of twenty-four hours. Another motivation behind why this film is connected to authenticity is a result of the ethical issues, where for instance there would be a delicate scene about a scene, that justifies itself with real evidence and it is deciphered by the crowd in their own particular manner. Make the best choice might be additionally be considered as an exemplary since there was an attention on recounting to an extraordinary story however no that of one character yet many, and each had his/her own charm. It is the sort of motion pictures where you would need to return again and again to watch it. Shots Spike Lee is known for his ideal shots where he utilizes diverse focal point to give the film a distinctive look. The film differed from long shots, medium, close up and extraordinary close up. That is appeared from the earliest starting point of the film where the lady was moving and it nearly incorporated the entirety of the shots referenced previously. All through the film the procedure of including different shots were continually being utilized and were applied to all the characters. Figure 1A Extreme close up Figure 1B Close up Figure 1C Medium shot ' Figure 1D Long shot Figure 2A Extreme close up Figure 2B close up Figure 2C Medium shot Figure 2D Long shot The figures appeared above are only two instances of numerous where various shots are being taken of the. In Figure 2a-2b we have a case of the camera making an extraordinary close up, getting back experiencing the nearby, medium shot to arrive at the since quite a while ago shot, and afterward moving on a level plane to show the area. This procedure was utilized continually. I think the importance behind this method is to make the film as appear as sensible as could be expected under the circumstances. Spike Lee concentrated on the principle characters separately and afterward pulls sponsored to make a since a long time ago shot to show that character’s place in the area, which adds authenticity to the setting. Edges. In Spike Lee’s Do the Right Thing, he set up his camera in various positions and took shots at various points. A low edge is the point at which the subject is being shot from underneath. I accept that this edge gives the subject prevalence and makes him look ground-breaking. Figure 3 Figure 3 is where Radio Raheem was requesting pizza with his sound system being played and Sal was reprimanding him to turn it. Raheem looked scared so the low point shot adds to the terrorizing. As I would like to think this was flawless since Radio Raheem was a character that everybody is apprehensive off and intimidating should he looks as much as possible. I likewise believe that it added a little zest as far as possible, on the grounds that these steady shots of Raheem give a greater effect on the crowd when he kicks the bucket. In opposition to low edge shots, high edges are taken from above. The camera is set over the subject looking down. This kind of shot is to cause the subjects to seem irrelevant and it gives a general diagram of the scene Figure 4 Mother Sister Trauma. High edge see. The scene in Figure 4 is not long before the finish of the film where Sal’s eatery was torched in light of the fact that he was accused for Radio Raheem’s demise. These episodes gave Mother Sister an injury. I would not say that the high edge shot makes her irrelevant, however it would prefer to make her look undermined by the general review scene, that the high edge shot accomplishes. The viciousness closes with this scene, which in my perspective is a sensational one. Mother Sister is the adorable individual, everybody gazes upward excessively her however she was shouting like a crazy person, at that point the high edge shot of all the obliteration around gives an emotional consummation of that scene. There were many eye level shots taken in the film. An Eye level shot is the point at which the subject is being recorded close to eye level. What I think Spike Lee was attempting to do with these eye level shots if to place the crowd in a similar balance of the characters. The feathered creature eye see is the shot taken overhead. It makes individuals in the scene look little. Figure 5 Bird eye shot, last scene. A case of a feathered creature eye shot is appeared in Figure 5, the last scene. This scene is one of the most significant of the film. The film envisions a 24 hour timetable, so all the episode s that occurred, from awakening to consuming Sal’s kitchen occurred in one day, which as I would like to think is a great deal of action in an area. This last scene that causes the area to give off an impression of being god like is stunning, after all the savagery that separated, it appears as though nothing occurred. Individuals are playing ball; DJ love daddy is discussing another subject overlooking what happened the previous evening. Consistently is another page for this individuals. Diagonal shots will be shots taken at a tilted point. Straight lines become diagonals which gives a shot a mind-boggling feeling in a precarious world. Figure 6A Oblique shot, Mayor Figure 6B Oblique shot, MotheSister The discussions between the Mayor and Mother Sister where taking at a slanted point. I think the explanation for this is to feature the unsteady a lopsided connection between them. Lighting styles The film occurred on a blistering day in summer, since it is an anecdote about a film around one day, lighting is going to change from splendid in the first part of the day, more splendid toward the evening, less more brilliant at dusk, night which is dim lastly the following morning. There was a great deal of accentuation on how it was extremely hot, so it is significant that the splendor to stick out. Spike Lee sort of gave us how hot it is. There was where could see the warmth waves encompassing the tree elderly people men on the walkway. The lighting in the mob scene at long last was incredible, it was extremely practical and it caught the crowd inwardly, particularly the individuals who have recollections of such uproars. Imagery I accept that there was a great deal of imagery in the film; in reality each character represented something, of the battle in a dark neighborhood. For instance, Sal and the Korean represent the incongruity of them taking more cash from the dark network more than the organizations of the blacks themselves, and they don't live in the area. The simple-minded person and the photos of Marter L. Ruler and Malcom X are associated, where there is a twofold sorrow, first is on the person himself, I think individuals felt frustrated about him, and the subsequent despondency was the token of Malcom X and Martin dying, both these variables most likely influenced the crowd inwardly. Buggin’out needs African Americans on the divider in Sal’s café; Radio Raheem is launching battle the force tune. There are numerous others images in this film and the nature, area and story it requires these imageries, that adds al little zest to film and influences the crowd inwardly. Shading Like the lighting the shading causes us partner to the climate. Various tones running from orange, red, and yellow were utilized. These hues can likewise be deciphered in the characters feelings. The fundamental shading was red to accentuate that it is hot. He utilizes different hues in more settled spot, for example, in Mookie’s girlfriend’s room, which was blue. I accept that Spike Lee sister a great job in messing with hues Conclusion Do the proper thing is a film that gets you to think. You receive snickers in return some others cry. The procedures utilized in the films are the motivation behind why it is viewed as an effective film. The manner in which he depicted the dark network battling from the various scenes and characters will leave an effect on whoever watches the film. Instructions to refer to Do the Right Thing Analysis, Papers

The Joy of Solitude (and Why Its Great to Be Alone at Times)

The Joy of Solitude (and Why It’s Great to Be Alone at Times) What happens wh?n you f??l ?v?r?tr?t?h?d? When it ???m? lik? th? world i? weighing d?wn ?n ??u, ?r ??u ?r? just tir?d ?f th? d??’? fr?nz??You t?k? a m?m?nt t? yourself, wh?r? it’? ju?t ??u ?nd ??ur th?ught?.This m?m?nt h?l?? ??u to t?k? ??ur mind off th? ?r???ur?? ?f the d?? ?nd just relax.In thi? moment, you ?r? ?nj??ing what is called ??litud?.In ?ur world t?d??, w? live in a f??t ????d ?nvir?nm?nt wh?r? thing? ?r? d?n? ?ui?kly, m??tl? with the ?id of t??hn?l?g? though, and you are expected to deliver outstanding results in a very short time.W? ?ll need a littl? alone tim? to unwind ?nd restore our mind ?nd b?d?, w? n??d solitude.Solitude i? d?fin?d ?? th? ?t?t? ?r ?u?lit? ?f b?ing alone fr?m ?th?r?.It involves taking time f?r ??ur??lf, ?nd ?nj??ing th? ????? ?f being in your own ??m??n? wh?r? you g?t t? think deep ?nd ?r??tiv?l?.When ??u f??l stressed ?ut ?r ?v?r l??d?d, ?ith?r fr?m w?rk ?r ?th?r ??tiviti?? of the day, w? t?nd t? ?v?rr???t t? the ?light??t provocation.For inst ance, when you are having a b?d day or f??ling ?v?rwh?lm?d with work. Think of h?w ??u will react t? th? ?light??t ?r?v???ti?n. Y?u would m??t likely r???t irr?ti?n?ll? b???u?? you feel ?git?t?d and h?v? n?t h?d any tim? to yourself.Some ???u??ti?n? require ??litud?.J?b? where ??u h?v? to think ?r??tiv?l? r??uir? ??litud? for ??u to be ?r?du?tiv?.Writ?r? m??t often writ? in ??litud? b???u?? it is in ??litud? that im?gin?ti?ns are ?t it? ???k. Ev?n writing thi? ?rti?l? h?d me seeking ??litud? t? ?ll?w m? ?r??tivit? fl?w.Music ??m????r?, ?dit?r?, analysts, ?r?gr?mm?r? and a l?t ?f ?th?r ??r??r? d?m?nd th?t ??u live a lif? of ??litud?. Solitude ?ll?w? u? t? refresh ?ur mind? ?nd g?t in t?u?h with ourselves.If you ?r? ?n introvert, you ?lr??d? kn?w th? f??ling of solitude but ??u ?r?b?bl? didn’t kn?w its b?n?fit?.Irr?????tiv? of ??ur nature, introvert ?r ?xtr?v?rt, everyone n??d? that ?l?n? tim? and can b?n?fit fr?m ??litud?.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLITUDE AND LONELINESS A l?t ?f ????l? t ?nd t? ??nfu?? solitude with l?n?lin???. They may seem similar, ?in?? b?th ?r? characterized by b?ing ?l?n?, but th?? diff?r in h?w th?? refer t? the j?? or pain ?f b?ing ?l?n?.L?n?lin??? ??n be d?fin?d ?? a ??m?l?x ?nd un?l????nt emotional response t? i??l?ti?n or l??k ?f ??m??ni?n?hi?.Here, un?l????nt is th? key w?rd.Solitude on the other hand is the same, except that this time, it’s the opposite of “painful”. You get relief in solitude.H?nn?h Arendt clearly ?x?l?in? th? diff?r?n?? between solitude ?nd l?n?lin??? in her b??k, Th? Origins ?f T?t?lit?ri?ni?m. She ????:“The lonely m?n find? himself ?urr?und?d b? others with wh?m h? cannot ??t?bli?h ??nt??t or t? wh??? h??tilit? he is exposed. Th? ??lit?r? man, on th? ??ntr?r?, i? ?l?n? ?nd th?r?f?r? can be t?g?th?r with him??lf. In ??litud?, ?n th? ??ntr?r?, I am by myself, together with m???lf, and therefore tw?-in-?n?, wh?r??? in l?n?lin??? I ?m ??tu?ll? ?n?, deserted b? all others. All thinking, ?tri?tl? ????king, i? done in ??litud? ?nd i? a di?l?gu? ?f th?ught.”I. Solitude Is Adventurous, Loneliness Is NotBeing alone t?k?? ??u on an ?dv?ntur? in ??ur mind. Y?u therefore ?h???? how ??u respond t? it b? ??ur ?ttitud?.In K?ith Harrrell’s b??k, Attitud? i? Ev?r?thing, h? states th?t even though your attitude i? ??ur “m??t priceless ???????i?n”, ??u have t? d?v?l?? it b? t?king r????n?ibilit? ?nd “m?nit?ring your int?rn?l di?l?gu? to stay ???itiv? even in the m??t ?h?ll?nging tim??”.That’s it!Th? thin lin? that diff?r?nti?t?? ??litud? and l?n?lin??? i? ??ur attitude.Th? w?? you reason ?nd react t? ??ur ?nvir?nm?nt.L?t m? ??int a ???n?ri?: I am alone in my house, my r??mm?t? just l?ft t?wn f?r th? w??k?nd with her parents. There’s no ?n? ?r?und ?? I ?t?rt to f??l ??d, wishing I had ??m??n? to t?lk t? ?r w?t?h the l?t??t ??i??d? of Th? H?ndm?id’? Tale with.At thi? ??int, the f??ling of l?n?lin??? creeps in ?nd slowly turn? into d??r???i?n.You ?n th? other h?nd, in this same ?itu?ti?n, ar e not bothered b? ?t??ing ?l?n?.In f??t you ?r? happy with ??ur ??litud? ?nd inv??t in ??ur mind. Y?u l?t ??ur ?r??tivit? pour b? ?ith?r writing, ?inging, coking or ?v?n d???r?ting.In thi? case, ??u h?v? ?h???n to t?k? th? ???itiv? r?ut? ?f being ?l?n?.A? th?? say, if you ??nn?t be h???? in ??ur own ??m??n?, then you ??n’t r??ll? be h???? in the company of others.This only ??int? ?ut to th? fact th?t if ??u ??nn?t ???r??i?t? yourself and enjoy your ?wn company, you ?h?uld n?t ?x???t others t? do ??.II. Loneliness Is Painful And Sad, Solitude Is NotLoneliness is a n?g?tiv? ?nd painful state of b?ing ?l?n?. It giv?? one th? f??ling ?f depression when l?ft ?l?n?.In th?ir minds, th?? have b??n cut ?ff from ????l? so they f??l rejected, unimportant, ?x?lud?d or unnoticed.“L?n?lin??? ?x?r????? the pain ?f being ?l?n? and ??litud? ?x?r????? the gl?r? ?f being alone.”Paul Tilli?hWhen you ?r? l?n?l?, ??u feel isolated from th? w?rld, like th? wh?l? w?rld i? g?ing ?n with?ut ??u.Y?u f?? l th?r?’? ??m?thing mi??ing in ??ur lif?.Y?u have ??m?thing in your mind th?t ??u want to ?h?r? but h?v? no ?n? t? ?h?r? it with so ??u feel like th? w?rld h?? d???rt?d ??u.Th?t’? th? feeling ?f l?n?lin???. It m?k?? u? f??l in??m?l?t?.Y?u ??n b? in th? ?r???n?? ?f ????l? but ?till f??l lonely.W? mu?t h?v? ?x??ri?n??d thi? one w?? or th? other when ??u ?r? with ????l?, ??? a gathering, and ??u don’t seem to ??nn??t w?ll with others, so ??u r???il and watch others mingle ?nd think t? yourself, “they ?r?b?bl? d?n’t w?nt m? h?r? th?t’? wh? I’m b?ing ign?r?d”, ?r “I’m diff?r?nt fr?m th?m ?? th?? ??n’t ?????t m?”.Y?u see wh?t ??u are doing right h?r??Y?u are creating that n?g?tiv? ?n?rg? and feeling ?f l?n?lin???.It may b? a normal thing b???u?? hey, we ?r? hum?n? and w? h?v? feelings, ?nd n??d t? f??l l?v?d ?r ?????t?d, but wh?t if you turn th?t negative feeling int? a positive one wh?r? ??u d?n’t h?v? to f??l depressed fr?m being ?l?n? ?nd in?t??d r?v?l in ??ur ?l?n?n???.III. Loneliness Is Depressing, Solitude Is NotIn ??litud?, w? are happy with ourselves and ??tu?ll? enjoy ju?t b?ing ?l?n?. It allow us t? r?fl??t ?n ourselves, f?mil?, fri?nd?, life, and ?v?n th? futur?.Also in this ?t?t?, ?ur mind? g?in? ?tr?ngth and learns t? lean on itself.However, when lonely, w? f??l unh???? ?nd in??m?l?t?, like there is a v?id th?t should b? filled b? someone ?l??.Oft?n tim??, w? tend t? ?lign b?ing ?ingl? with l?n?lin???, thinking th?t a person is l?n?l? b???u?? h? or she i? single, which i? n?t n??????ril? th? case.A single ??r??n i? ?l?n?, n?t l?n?l?.In f??t, r????r?h ?h?w? that ??m? ?ingl? people are more ??nt?nt, ???i?bl?, self-sufficient ?nd fulfilled th?n ????l? in r?l?ti?n?hi??.S?m? people ?h???? t? r?m?in ?ingl? ?nd ??m? even ?h???? to isolate themselves, hence tagged ‘loners’ by others. Th??? “l?n?r?” m?? ??tu?ll? b? r?v?ling in their ??litud? ?nd m?king m??t of their ?l?n? tim?.Oft?ntim??, l?n?r? are wh? th?? ?r? b???u?? they hav e been l?t d?wn b? ????l? who th?? ?ut their trust in ?v?r ?nd ?v?r again, thus th?? have d??id?d to tru?t ?nl? themselves ?nd liv? in ??litud?.Many people g? int? relationships ju?t because ?f the f??r ?f b?ing alone. They br??k up fr?m a relationship and one week l?t?r, they are in a n?w ?n?.Even in that one w??k ?f b?ing ?ingl?, th?? ?r? so d????r?t? f?r ??m??ni?n?hi? th?t th?? d?n’t l??k b?f?r? th?? leap.Such people ?r?b?bl? d?n’t kn?w th? joys ?f ??litud? and have n?t und?r?t??d the ????n?? ?f being alone.A???rding to ????h?l?gi?t, N??l Burt?n, l?n?lin??? i? the m?nif??t?ti?n ?f th? ??nfli?t between ?ur d??ir? f?r meaning and the ?b??n?? ?f meaning fr?m th? univ?r??.H? also ?t?t?? th?t l?n?lin??? i? ??rt and ??r??l ?f th? human condition ?nd unl??? a person is resolved, it will ?lw??? r??urf???.That i? to ??? that ????l? wh? feel in??m?l?t? wh?n ?l?n? will ?lw??? h?v? that fear ?f l?n?lin??? unl??? th?? change th?ir attitude t?w?rd? ?l?n?n??? ?nd ??nditi?n their mind? t? ?? ?itiv?l? ??kn?wl?dg? ??litud?.IV. Solitude Gives Us A Sense Of Self-Awareness And Feeling Of Rejuvenation, Loneliness Does NotAn?th?r diff?r?n?? b?tw??n solitude ?nd l?n?lin??? i? that whil? solitude giv?? u? a ??n?? ?f ??lf-?w?r?n??? ?nd f??ling of r?juv?n?ti?n, l?n?lin??? f??l? lik? punishment and gives u? a ??n?? of d?fi?i?n?? ?nd in?d??u???.In solitude, w? f??l lik? w? can conquer th? world.It awakens ?ur creativity and gives us fr??h in?ight and und?r?t?nding ?f i??u??.Thi? i? wh? people like to h?v? a quiet m?m?nt to th?m??lv?? before the ru?h of th? day, so that they can reflect and ??? the potentials ?f the d??, ?? t? ???.W? find joy in going within and ??nn??ting t? ?ur mind?, ju?t thinking of th? v?ri?u? ????ibiliti?? th?t lie ?h??d.S?litud? ?x??nd? ??ur horizon as you ?r? ?bl? t? ??? beyond th? ?v?r?g? mind.Writ?r, P?tri?i? Highsmith says, “My im?gin?ti?n functions better wh?n I d?n’t h?v? to speak t? ????l?.”This ?h?w? th?t in solitude, your mind w?rk? at a faster pace th?n wh?n ?urr?und?d b? ????l?.L?n?lin???, ?n the other h?nd, m?k?? ??u f??l lik? th? w?rld i? ?r??hing ?t ??ur f??t. It l??v?? ??u with a sense of dejection, like ??u have b??n cast ?ut from the ???i?t?.Y?u feel lik? ??u ?r? n?t u? t? th? “?t?nd?rd” ?r ??u l??k something th?t will m?k? ??u t? be lik? ?v?r? other ??r??n.S?m?tim?? ??u might even f??l lik? ??ur l?n?lin??? i? a f?rm ?f ?uni?hm?nt for your in?d??u???.But thi? i? ?ll in ??ur h??d really.If ??u begin t? relish ??ur ?l?n? tim? ?nd convert ?ll your n?g?tiv? th?ught? to ???itiv? thinking, ??u will ??? th? im???t of ??litud?. In military settings ?r ?ri??n?, ??lit?r? confinement i? given ?? ?uni?hm?nt.V. Solitude Is A Choice, Loneliness Is NotAn?th?r important f??t?r th?t distinguishes ??litud? fr?m l?n?lin??? i? th? f??t th?t ??litud? is a ?h?i??.I ?h???? to b? in ??litud? b???u?? I want to rejuvenate and grow.Loneliness h?w?v?r, is im????d ?nd weighs a ??r??n d?wn. It d??l?t?? us ?nd m?k?? u? feel lik? a w??t? of ? ???? ?r invisible.S?m?tim??, loneliness ??nn?t ?v?n be resolved b? ??m??n?. When loneliness creeps in, you feel di???nn??t?d n?t ju?t fr?m ????l?, but from ??ur ?wn self. B???u?? ??u did n?t ?h???? t? b? ?l?n?, ??u cannot manage yourself to function ?r???rl?.S? wh?r??? solitude brings j??, l?n?lin??? bring? unhappiness.L?n?lin??? is v?r? damaging. It ??uld l??d to ??lf-l??thing, self-rejection ?nd desolation.Lonely people t?nd t? ??t and drink more, w?rk ?ut ?nd ?l??? l???.According t? research, they are at a higher ri?k of d?v?l??ing ????h?l?gi??l ?r?bl?m? ?u?h ?? ?l??h?li?m, depression, and ????h??i?, ?nd physical ailments ?u?h as inf??ti?ns, ??n??r, ?nd ??rdi?v???ul?r di?????.THE BATTLE AGAINST BEING IN SOLITUDEF?r m?n? ?f u?, th? idea ?f being ?l?n? conjures u? a sense of dread.M??b? it’? th? ??n?? ?f b?r?d?m, or th? f??ling? ?f isolation, ?r being f?r??d to confront ?ur ?wn th?ught?.In fact, a recent study in th? j?urn?l Science ?h?w?d that people w?uld rather giv? themselves ?l??tri? shocks than b? alone with their th?ught? f?r ju?t 15 minut??.But turn? ?ut, there’s a difference b?tw??n b?ing alone and feeling lonely.Ev?n th?ugh w? may use th? ?hr???? int?r?h?ng??bl? in ??nv?r??ti?n, ????h?th?r??i?t ?nd HuffP??t blogger R??? R???nb?rg, wh? also ?uth?r?d The Hum?n Magnet S?ndr?m?: Why We L?v? People Wh? Hurt U?, explains th?t th??’r? ??tu?ll? tw? distinct ??n???t?.Th? m?in distinguisher: B?ing ?l?n? is a physical description (meaning when we ?r? alone, w? ?r? ju?t not with ????l?), while l?n?lin??? is a f??ling th?t often i? ?x??ri?n??d as n?g?tiv? ?nd ??inful ?nd u?u?ll? ??m?? fr?m within. “Y?u can b? ?l?n? and h????, you ??n be alone and l?n?l?,” R???nb?rg explains. “The id?? ?f b?ing alone i? wh?t you make ?f it.”M?n? people wh? ?truggl? with f??ling? of l?n?lin??? ??n link th?ir struggles t? deeper r??t?.A???rding t? R???nb?rg, l?n?lin??? i? a f??ling fu?ll?d b? tr?um?, l??? ?nd gri?f, a l??k of ??lf-??t??m, ?nd in???urit?.Those wh? l??d h??lth?, balanced lives are better ??ui???d to face th??? n?g?tiv? ?x??ri?n??? because they have b?th internal ?nd ?xt?rn?l r???ur??? th?t help guid? th?m thr?ugh th? process â€" fr?m a sense ?f ??mmunit? t? a ?tr?ng ?nd positive ??lf-??n???t.“Loneliness is a normal ??rt ?f th? hum?n ?xi?t?n??,” Rosenberg ????. “W? ?ll feel l?n?l?, but ?hr?ni?, ??th?l?gi??l l?n?lin??? is a deeply embedded pattern th?t i? self-reinforcing. It’s a self-fulfilling prophecy. H??lth?, r??ili?nt ????l? respond t? normal l?n?lin??? b? r???lving it. Unh??lth? people b???m? overwhelmed by it.”P?r??n?lit? t??? i? ?l?? a big f??t?r wh?n it ??m?? t? wh? ?x??ri?n??? di???mf?rt fr?m b?ing ?l?n?.Intr?v?rt? â€" wh? l??? ?n?rg? from b?ing ?r?und ?th?r? â€" may find ?l?n? tim? more d??ir?bl? than ?xtr?v?rt?, wh? instead g?in ?n?rg? from the ??m??n? ?f ?th?r?.“If ??u’r? ?n extrovert, ??u ?r? ??mf?rt?bl? ?nd feel compelled to b? around other ????l?. It is just the w?? you are g?n?ti??ll? ??t up. If ??u†™r? an ?xtr?v?rt and you’re not ?r?und ????l?, ??u f??l un??mf?rt?bl? and if ??u’r? psychologically healthy, ??u use internal ?nd external resources t? b? ?r?und people,” R???nb?rg ?x?l?in?.“If ??u’r? ?n intr?v?rt ?nd ??u lik? being ?l?n?, th?t’? ?l?? ??m?l?t?l? ????h?l?gi??ll? healthy. You ??n be very ???ur? ?nd ??lf-??nfid?nt ?nd ?till b? very n?rv?u? ?r?und crowds of ????l?, but ??u h?v? fri?nd? ?nd l?v?d ones, ?nd th??? ?r? th? resources that make ?n introvert f??l just fin? wh?n th??’r? alone.”At th? end of the d??, wh?th?r ??u’r? an intr?v?rt or ?n extrovert, ?ll hum?n? ?x??ri?n?? f??ling? ?f loneliness.M?n? d? ?? during th? times th?? are physically ?l?n?, notwithstanding, it doesn’t h?v? t? b? that w??.WHY DO WE NEED SOLITUDE ONCE IN A WHILE? 1. Solitude Increases ProductivityPeople w?rk b?tt?r in th?ir ?l?n? tim?. Wh?n w? are alone, w? can ??n??ntr?t? more ?nd think.Basically, if ??u h?v? ??m??n? t?lling you a ?t?r? whil? you ?r? trying t? w?rk, b??i??ll ?, ??u ??nn?t ??? full ?tt?nti?n t? ??ur work.At b??t ??u’d multit??k.Alth?ugh ?? m?n? offices h?v? started ?r??ting open fl??r ?l?n? so ?v?r??n? can ??mmuni??t? m?r? ???il?, ?tudi?? ?h?w being ?urr?und?d by ????l? kill? ?r?du?tivit?.People ??rf?rm b?tt?r wh?n th?? h?v? a littl? ?riv???.2. Creativity And Efficiency Need Solitude To ThriveS?litud? gives us ??rmi??i?n t? ?ui?t ?ur mind and ?r??t? ????? for fresh in?ight? t? blossom. W?n??d ??litud? t? ??lv? ?r?bl?m?, find answers, ?nd l?t new discoveries emerge.Cr??tiv? in?ight? m?? ??m? slowly ?r ?? a sudden burst, but ?ui?t contemplation i? wh?t br??d? curiosity.Wh?n we ?r? ?l?n? w? ??n discover wh?t makes u? f??l alive; we engage in ??tiviti?? that bring u? j??, ?nd we ??n imm?r?? ?ur??lv?? in th??? activities with?ut distraction.Fr??d?m fr?m di?tr??ti?n clears the mind and ?ll?w? th? br?in a chance to r???t ?nd re-focus.Even the boredom which ?ft?n ??m?? with ??litud? contributes to th? ?r??tiv? ?r?????. If we do not h?v? ?m?t? time, there i? n? ????? f?r in??ir?ti?n t? ??m? thr?ugh.A? mu?h as we tr? to ?v?id boredom, ?itting with it has a purpose, ?? author Ch?r?l Strayed states, “Th? u??l??? d??? will ?dd u? to ??m?thing….th??? thing? ?r? ??u’r? b???ming.”We ?r? ?nl? b?red wh?n we do n?t kn?w ?ur??lv??, we ?r? w?iting for ??m?thing, ?nd if w? k??? waiting, w? will di???v?r it.T?k? for example the r????r?h ?f R??d L?r??n, professor of hum?n d?v?l??m?nt ?nd family studies ?t th? University of Illin?i? ?t Urb?n?-Ch?m??ign, wh? h?? studied th? ?ff??t? solitude h?? ?n the development ?nd l?ng-t?rm well-being ?f t??n? ?nd ?d?l????nt?.H? f?und th?t whil? b?ing ?l?n? i? “n?t a particularly happy state” in th? m?m?nt, it n?n?th?l??? h?? what Larson ??ll? a “kind ?f a r?b?und ?ff??t. It’? kind ?f lik? a bitt?r m?di?in?,” he ????, ?r??ting m?r? ???itiv? emotions and l??? ??lf-r???rt?d d??r???i?n d?wn the lin?.3. Self-Healing Through MeditationOf course, m?dit?ti?n i? ????ibl? only in a ?ui?t, peac eful ?nvir?nm?nt, ?nd ?u?h an ?nvir?nm?nt ??n b? ??hi?v?d ?nl? in solitude.M?dit?ting whil? ??u ?r? in solitude i? lik? ?h??ting many bird? with ?n? stone: you g?in ?ll th? previous b?n?fit?, while you ?r? ?l?? ?bl? to ?x??ri?n?? self-healingâ€"the r??ult? of studies h?v? shown that r?gul?r meditation b???t? th? body’s levels of “?nti-?tr??? h?rm?n??” lik? dopamine, ??r?t?nin, m?l?t?nin, GAB? ?nd DHEA, ?nd thereby enhances th? body’s immunit? t? di?????? ?nd ?????it? t? h??l.4. Alone Time Can Enhance The Quality Of Your Relationships With OthersBy ???nding tim? with yourself and g?ining a better und?r?t?nding ?f who you ?r? ?nd what ??u desire in life, ??u’r? m?r? likely t? make b?tt?r choices about wh? and wh?t ??u want t? b? around.You ?l?? m?? ??m? to ???r??i?t? ??ur r?l?ti?n?hi?? m?r? ?ft?r you’ve ???nt ??m? tim? ?l?n?.5. Better MemoryThe r??ult? of some studies th?t were ??r?full? d??ign?d t? t??t the effects ?f solitude ?n memory r?t?nti?n indi??t? ???itiv? ?nh?n?i ng ?ff??t? on m?m?r?.In H?rv?rd, for example, th? results of a ?tud? ??ndu?t?d b? graduate ?tud?nt B?th?n? Burum, ?t?rt?d with a ?im?l? ?x??rim?nt: Burum placed tw? individuals in a room ?nd h?d th?m spend a few minut?? g?tting to know ???h ?th?r.They th?n sat b??k to b??k, ???h f??ing a ??m?ut?r ??r??n th? ?th?r ??uld n?t see. In some cases they w?r? told th??’d both b? d?ing th? ??m? t??k, in ?th?r cases th?? w?r? t?ld they’d b? doing diff?r?nt things.The ??m?ut?r ??r??n ??r?ll?d thr?ugh a ??t of drawings ?f ??mm?n ?bj??t?, ?u?h ?? a guitar, a clock, and a l?g.A f?w d??? later the ??rti?i??nt? returned ?nd w?r? ??k?d t? recall whi?h dr?wing? th??’d b??n ?h?wn.Burum found th?t the participants who had b??n t?ld th? ??r??n behind them w?? d?ing a diff?r?nt task â€" namely, identifying ??und? rather th?n l??king at ?i?tur?? â€" did a better job ?f remembering th? pictures.In ?th?r w?rd?, they f?rm?d m?r? ??lid memories wh?n th?? b?li?v?d th?? w?r? th? ?nl? ?n?? d?ing th? t??k.I n ?th?r words, Bethany Burum ?h?w?d th?t when people know th?t th?? ?r? the ?nl? ones doing ??rt?in t??k?, th?? r?m?mb?r thing? b?tt?r th?n those wh? w?r? told th?? were merely du?li??ting th? t??k? ?f others.In f??t, most g?niu??? ?nd r?n?wn?d mu?i??l prodigies, ?rti?t? ?nd writ?r? valued th?ir ??litud? almost t? a f?ultâ€"??litud? allowed th?m t? focus ?nd r?g?rd th?ir ?r?ft ?? ??ri?u?l? as if th?? w?r? the only ?n?? in the w?rld wh? ?r? h?ving ?t it.6. Cultivates Self-LoveWe feel l?n?l? when w? ?r? not und?r?t??d b? others, but when w? und?r?t?nd ourselves, w? d?n’t ?x???t ?r n??d ?v?r??n? to und?r?t?nd u?.W? ?r? firm in ?ur??lv??, r??lizing th?t w? are ?n?ugh. The n??d f?r approval fr?m ?th?r? f?ll? ?w?? ?? we find m?r? ???ur?n?? in ourselves.F??ling the l??k ?f positive feedback from ?th?r? can b? diffi?ult ?t fir?t, but unl??? w? ??mmit t? l?ving ?ur??lv?? with?ut ???ur?n?? fr?m ?ut?id?, w? will ?lw??? b? d???nd?nt ?n ???r?v?l from ?th?r? t? feel w?rth? ?r l?v?bl?.Solitude i ? a w?? to ??mmit t? loving our ??lf m?r?; w? take th? tim? we need t? be ?bl? t? engage in our lif? from a d????r, more meaningful ?l???.7. Giving Your Mind What It Needs On DemandTim? ?l?n? allows u? to ?rd?r our priorities ????rding t? wh?t we n??d, r?th?r th?n th? n??d? ?f ?th?r? five billion ????l? out there.“The ??r?digm experience of ??litud? i? a state ?h?r??t?riz?d b? di??ng?g?m?nt fr?m th? immediate d?m?nd? ?f other ????l?â€"? state ?f reduced ???i?l inhibiti?n ?nd increased fr??d?m t? ??l??t ?n?’? m?nt?l and physical ??tiviti??,” writ? r????r?h?r? Chri?t??h?r L?ng and James Averill.In ?th?r words, when ??u’r? ?bl? t? di??ng?g? from the demands of ?th?r ????l?, you’ve suddenly freed up th? m?nt?l ????? to f??u? ?n longer-term, bigger-picture ?r?j??t? that ??u need for ??ur??lf ?nd not f?r th? ?th?r 5 billi?n people ?ut th?r?.8. Reduced StressM?d?rn life ??n b? so utt?rl? ?tr???fulâ€"?v?r?wh?r? ??u turn, ??m??n?’? h?nking hi? ??r, ??r??ming, singing, playing hi? digit?l music ?l???r ?t full v?lum?, even the sidewalk shops ??m??t? with ?n? another to g?t ????l?’? attention thr?ugh ?i??d ?ut mu?i?.N?t to m?nti?n th? various urb?n noises th?t ????ult our ??n??? everydayâ€"the dr?n? ?f vehicle’s engines, th? bl?r? ?f a multitud? of m??hin?? that ?urr?und us.Of th? b?n?fit? of ??litud?, th? most important is its ??w?r t? ?limin?t? ?tr??? b? r?m?ving the stressors.Taking time t? b? ?l?n? for a few m?m?nt?â€"m??b? in th? middl? ?f th? ??rk on a ?unn? d??â€"??n imm?n??l? help in h?l?ing you r?g?in ??ur m?nt?l ??ntr?.9. Supports Healthy RelationshipsOur most significant r?l?ti?n?hi? i? ?ur relationship with our ??lf.If w? ?r? happy ?nd ?t peace with ?ur ??lf, then we ??n ?ultiv?t? h??lth? r?l?ti?n?hi?? with others. If w? ?r? n?t ??nt?nt with ?ur self, w? will n?v?r find ??ti?f??ti?n from those ?r?und us.On?? w? b???m? grounded in ?ur ?wn b?ing w? can reach gr??t?r depths with ?th?r?; r?l?ting t? others b???u?? w? w?nt t?, n?t because we n??d ?? ?r?v?l ?r security.Wh?n we ?r? full in ourselves, w? don’t seek ??m??n? t? fill th? ?m?tin???.L??king t? others t? m??t our needs leads t? ??-d???nd?n??, but ?th?r? are n?t r????n?ibl? f?r ?ur w?ll-b?ing. Solitude h?l?? us learn t? b? m?r? ????unt?bl? f?r ourselves, t? no b? hurt when others d?n’t ?r?vid? th? attention that w? desire.When ??m?thing from outside f??l? lik? it’s n?t w?rking, we l??rn t? ?hift ?ur ?tt?nti?n in?id? and ??kn?wl?dg? wh?t in?id? of us i? n?t w?rking.B?ing comfortable in ??litud? ?h?w u? th?t we can connect t? ?ur??lv??, and thi? makes u? b?tt?r ?bl? t? connect with ?th?r?.In ??litud?, w? ?l?w d?wn our m?nt?l and ?m?ti?n?l processes; ?ur ?bilit? t? feel ?m??th? and our willingness to f??? ?h?ll?ng?? in r?l?ti?n?hi?? in?r?????.A? we t?k? time out t? tr?n?f?rm ?ur??lv??, w? ??n better commit t? h?l?ing tr?n?f?rm one ?n?th?r.We l??rn that relationships are n?t ?b?ut ???nding as much tim? together as possible, but b?ing m?r? ?r???nt in th? tim? ??u ?r? wi th ?th?r?.F?rming a ??lid b?nd with our ??lf shouldn’t t?k? ?w?? fr?m ?th?r relationships, rather, it a makes u? m?r? ?uth?nti? in our int?r??ti?n? â€" ?ll?wing ???h ??r??n to be present with th? ?th?r whil? b?ing responsible f?r th?m??lv??.Wh?n tw? ??m?l?t? ????l? interact, they take responsibility f?r themselves and ?wn wh?t i? g?ing ?n in?id? th?m, ???ing t?n?i?n and bl?m? th?t often occurs in relationships.B? spending tim? ?l?n?, w? ?l?? g?in a greater appreciation ?f th? m?m?nt? w? d? spend with ?th?r?. We are ???i?l creatures; there needs t? be a b?l?n?? between ??litud? ?nd int?r??ti?n? with people.Wh?n we have this b?l?n??, w? can f??l m?r? gr?titud? f?r th? r?l?ti?n?hi?? w? h?v? ?nd r???iv? m?r? n?uri?hm?nt fr?m ?ur int?r??ti?n? with ?th?r?.“W? n??d ???i?t?, ?nd we n??d solitude ?l??, ?? w? n??d ?umm?r ?nd winter, d?? ?nd night, ?x?r?i?? and rest.”Phili? Gilbert H?m?rt?nHOW TO GET SOME SOLITUDENow th?t w? kn?w how b?n?fi?i?l solitude is, h?w d? w? get some ??litud??A. Silence Isn’t That Bad, Begin To Appreciate ItIts ?? simple ?? turning ?ff th? ?ut?id? n?i??, n?m?l? ?l??tr?ni??.T?d??? digit?l w?rld m??n? we have th? ????rtunit? to b? ??n?t?ntl? surrounded by n?i??, M?rin ??id. Our electronics help u? stay ??n?t?ntl? connected, and it often t?k?? ?xtr? effort t? find a few quiet minutes ???h d??.On?? ??ur? ??mf?rt?bl? in a ??m?l?t?l? silent environment, ??u ??n b?gin u?ing it t? ??ur ?dv?nt?g?.B. Be Alone With Your Thoughts A Couple Of Times A DayF?r m?n? ????l?, ?l?wing d?wn seems lik? a waste of time, she ??id. But ?ur brains need a chance t? ?r????? whats g?ing ?n around u?.All it t?k?? i? finding 10 minut?? ???h day to ?ll?w your br?in t? r?l?x ?nd ?r????? th? d??, M?rin ??id. With tim?, you lik?l? wont f??l that youre b?ing unproductive.C. Make An Appointment With YourselfWh? n?t use ??ur ?l?n? tim? t? d? ??m?thing ??u l?v?? Tim? ?l?n? d???nt have t? be l?n?l?, she ??id. It ??uld be th? key t? g?tting t? kn?w ??ur??lf better.M?k? a r???rv ?ti?n f?r ?n? at ??ur f?v?urit? restaurant, ?r go ?n a hike. Ju?t b? ?ur? t? ?il?n?? ??ur ?h?n? ?nd treat yourself with the ??m? r?????t ??ud giv? ??m??n? else, ?h? ??id.D. Meditate As Often As PossibleMeditation benefits ??ur body ?nd ??ur mind, M?rin said. Learning to meditate int?n??l? ??n take tim?, but ?h? ?ff?r? a simple, thr??-?t?? b?ginn?r? guid? in h?r b??k:Sit in a relaxed ?nd comfortable ???iti?n that ?ll?w? you t? k??? your ??in? ?tr?ight.F??u? ?n taking d???, ?l?w breaths, ?nd really feel your br??th as you inhale ?nd ?xh?l?.Return ??n??i?u?n??? to ??ur breath because ??ur mind will wander ?nd thoughts will ?nt?r your mind.E. Practice Mindfulness Skills To Focus On One Task At A TimeTh? m?r? ??u practice, the m?r? ??ull b???m? full? ?w?r?, ?nd fully ?w?k?, throughout ?ll your d?il? activities, M?rin writ??. It t?k?? practice to f??u? ?n activities as simple ?? eating ?r brushing your t??th.But w? n??d t? take a ?t?? b??k and refocus ?ur ?tt?nti?n ???n?. Ev?ntu?ll?, ??u can l??rn t? tr?in your mind to stop r??l??ing wh?t you did ???t?rd?? ?r w?rr?ing ?b?ut what you n??d to g?t done t?m?rr?w, she ??id.F. Start A Journal To Sort Out Your EmotionsA d?il? j?urn?l ??n h?l? you int?r?r?t your ?m?ti?n? ?nd id?ntif? ?nd manage ??ur ?tr???, M?rin ??id. Basically, it? a ?h?n?? t? v?nt on ????r, rather th?n to a f?mil? m?mb?r or fri?nd.Ju?t a f?w sentences ???h d?? about what ??u did ?r h?w youre f??ling ??n h?l? ??u ?t?? ?n tr??k, and it ?ft?n promotes h??ling, ???rk? creativity, and ?tr?ngth?n? your r???lv? to reach ??ur g??l?, ?h? ??id.G. Reflect On Your Progress And Goals DailyLong-term goals r??uir? ??u t? h?v? h??lth? habits th?t you ?r??ti?? ?n a d?il? basis, Morin ??id.And r?fl??ting ?n your g??l? every d?? can h?l? remind ??u ?f wh? you w?nt t? r???h th?m.INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES ABOUT SOLITUDE THAT WILL INSPIRE YOU TO FIND AND SPEND TIME ALONE TODAY“I think that I cannot preserve m? h??lth ?nd spirits, unl??? I ???nd f?ur hours a d?? ?t least â€" and it i? commonly m?r? th?n that â€" sauntering through th? woods and ?v?r th? hill? ?nd fi?ld?, ?b??lut?l? fr?? fr?m all w?rldl? ?ng?g?m?nt?.” â€" H?nr? David Thoreau“W? live in a v?r? tense ???i?t?. W? ?r? ?ull?d apart… ?nd w? all need t? l??rn h?w t? ?ull ?ur??lv?? together…. I think that ?t least ??rt ?f the ?n?w?r lies in ??litud?.” â€" Helen H????“It i? only when we ?il?nt th? bl?ring ??und? of our d?il? ?xi?t?n?? th?t we ??n fin?ll? h??r th? whi???r? of truth th?t life r?v??l? t? u?, as it ?t?nd? kn??king ?n th? d??r?t??? ?f ?ur h??rt?.” â€" K.T. J?ng“Onl? in quiet w?t?r? d? thing mirr?r themselves undi?t?rt?d. Onl? in a quiet mind i? ?d??u?t? perception ?f th? world” â€" H?n? M?rg?liu?“When w? ??nn?t b??r t? be alone, it m??n? w? d? not ?r???rl? v?lu? th? only ??m??ni?n we will h?v? fr?m birth t? death â€" ?ur??lv??.” â€" Ed? L?Sh?n“I’m n?t anti-social. I’m pro-solitude.” â€" Auth?r Unkn?wn“Th? h???i??t ?f all lives is a bu?? ??litud?.” â€" Vol taire“True ?il?n?? i? th? r??t ?f th? mind, and i? to th? spirit what ?l??? i? to th? b?d?, n?uri?hm?nt ?nd r?fr??hm?nt.” â€" Willi?m P?nn“R??ding w?ll is ?n? ?f th? gr??t ?l???ur?? th?t ??litud? ??n afford ??u.” â€" H?r?ld BloomCONCLUSIVELYTh?r? is a reason intr?v?rt’? ?x??ri?n?? a d??? ??n?? ?f satisfaction, ?v?n j??, in solitary ?ur?uit?, ?nd it i? n?t because th?r? i? ??m?thing wr?ng with them.It i? b???u?? they ?r?, b? n?tur?, d??ign?d to g?n?r?t? life energy in this m?nn?r.

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Ships have been around for thousands of years, we used them to conquer other countries, to transport food and people, and for our enjoyment. Every ship that has been made, was unique. The Vikings made ships in different sizes, shapes, and made out of different types of wood. Ships have evolved from a huge row boat, to a steam boat, to a huge engine and with lots of little changes in between. We always need someone to make sure that those ships are running perfect and that it will make it home safe. Those people that work in the ships are called Marine Engineers they are the ones that make sure the ships will make it home. One very important marine engineer was Robert Fulton he was the person who created the steam boat and first to try and put an engine on a boat. Even though we have been making bigger and better ships we still look back at the older ships and how the Marine Engineering began and how our ships have changed. Boats were made before 4000 BC but most of these boats were rafts, logs of bamboo, bundles of reeds, air filled animal skins tied together to float down the river or any little body of water. The first boat was a hallowed out log that was like a canoe. That was estimated to be made around 8000 BC. The sail boat was made around 4000 BC it was made out little logs tied together with intestine and leaves. They made a sail out of reeds, this boat was called the Egyptian reed boats. By 2500 BC the Egyptians started to make ships bigger and out of wood thatShow MoreRelated The Importance and History of the Steam Engine Essay3541 Words   |  15 Pagesenergies of the human race.~Robert H. Thurston The steam engine can easily be considered the single most important invention of the entire industrial revolution. There is not one part of industry present in todays society that can be examined without coming across some type of reference or dependence upon the steam engine. But, who deserves the credit for this great invention? Some give the credit to James Watt while others claim that Thomas Newcomen was the original inventor. HoweverRead MoreSteam Engine4823 Words   |  20 Pagesphysical energies of the human race.~Robert H. Thurston   Ã‚  Ã‚  The steam engine can easily be considered the single most important invention of the entire industrial revolution.   There is not one part of industry present in todays society that can be examined without coming across some type of reference or dependence upon the steam engine.   But, who deserves the credit for this great invention?   Some give the credit to James Watt while others claim that Thomas Newcomen was the original inventor.   HoweverRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesrecession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the processes and misguided policies that led to decades of agrarian and industrial depression from the late 1860s to the

DefaultTableModel Class in Java Stores Data for the JTable

TheDefaultTableModel class is a subclass of the AbstractTableModel. As the name suggests it is the table model that is used by a JTable when no table model is specifically defined by the programmer. The DefaultTableModel stores the data for the JTable in a Vector of Vectors. Although theVector is a legacy Java collection it is still supported and there is no issue with using it unless the additional overhead caused by using a synchronized collection is a problem for your Java application. The advantage of using theDefaultTableModel over a custom AbstractTableModel is you dont have to code the methods like add, insert or delete rows and columns. They already exist to change the data held in the Vector of Vectors. This makes it a quick and easy table model to implement. Import Statement import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel; Constructors TheDefaultTableModel class has six constructors. Each can be used to populate of the DefaultTableModel in different ways. The first constructor takes no arguments and creates aDefaultTableModel which has no data, zero columns and zero rows: DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(); The next constructor can be used to specify the number of rows and columns of aDefaultTableModel with no data: DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(10, 10); There are two constructors that can be used to create aDefaultTableModel with column names and a specified number of rows (all containing null values). One uses an ​Object array to hold the column names, the other ​a Vector: String[] columnNames {Column 1,Column 2,Column 3}; DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(columnNames, 10); or DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(columnNames, 10); Finally there are two constructors used to populate theDefaultTableModel with row data along with column names. One used Object arrays, the other Vectors: Object[][] data {{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3},{4,4,4}}; String[] columnNames {Column 1,Column 2,Column 3}; DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(data, columnNames); or Vector rowData new Vector(); rowData.add(1); Vector data new Vector(); data.add(0, rowData); Vector columnNames new Vector(); columnNames.add(Column 1); DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(data, columnNames); Useful Methods To add a row to theDefaultTableModel use the addRow method along with the row data to add: Object[] newRowData {5,5,5,5}; defTableModel.addRow(newRowData); To insert a row use theinsertRow method, specifying the row index to insert and the row data: Object[] insertRowData {2.5,2.5,2.5,2.5}; defTableModel.insertRow(2,insertRowData); To delete a row use theremoveRow method, specifying the row index to delete: defTableModel.removeRow(0); To get a value in a table cell use thegetValueAt method. For example, if the data at row 2, column 2 contains an int: int value tabModel.getValueAt(2, 2); To set a value in a table cellsetValueAt method with the value to set along with the row and column index: defTableModel.setValueAt(8888, 3, 2); Usage Tips If aJTable is created using the constructor that is passed a two-dimensional array containing the row data and an array containing the column names: Object[][] data {{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3},{4,4,4}}; String[] columnNames {Column 1,Column 2,Column 3}; JTable exampleJTable new JTable(data, columnNames); then the following cast will not work: DefaultTableModel dft (DefaultTableModel)exampleJTable.getModel(); A runtimeClassCastException will be thrown because in this instance the DefaultTableModel is declared as an anonymous inner class in the JTable object and cannot be cast. It can only be cast to the TableModel interface. A way around this is to create your own DefaultTableModel and set it to be the model of the JTable: JTable exampleJTable new JTable(); DefaultTableModel defTableModel new DefaultTableModel(data, columnNames); exampleJTable.setModel(defTableModel); Then theDefaultTableModel defTableModel can be used to manipulate the data in the JTable. To see theDefaultTableModel in action have a look at the DefaultTableModel Example Program.

Natural Born Killers Capitalism Free Essays

Natural Born Killers Natural Born Killers (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1994) is a film directed by Oliver Stone. The story is about Mickey and Mallory Knox, two serial killers that travel across America on a killing spree which elevates them from criminals into international media celebrities. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Born Killers Capitalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The story sounds like a modern day Bonnie and Clyde (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1967), however Mickey and Mallory’s crimes are much more severe and without cause. Stone intended the film to be a critique on a culture obsessed with violence and the media’s glorification of violence. In Chaos Rising: The Storm Around Natural Born Killers’ (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1994) Stone explains â€Å"What I was doing was pointing the finger at the system that feeds off violence, and at the media that package it for mass consumption. † Unfortunately, many people perceived the message of Natural Born Killers as a glorification of violence. The film even inspired several copycat killings. The film Natural Born Killers was intended to critique a culture obsessed with violence, yet inspired murders. The reason this film was decoded so differently by some viewers was due to social stereotypes imposed by capitalist ideology. How an audience perceives a message from a text is through the process of decoding. Those who produce a text encode it with messages and meanings through the use of semiotics. When the audience receives a text, they then decode and identify these meanings through the signs and signifiers. Morley (1992, p. 53) explains that meaning in a text is generated through two main factors. The first factor is the way a text is encoded through semiotics. This can invite certain readings and block others. The second is the social background of the receiver, which can be studied sociologically. The interaction of these two constraining structures will define the notion that a text can be interpreted in an infinite number of individual ways. Stuart Hall’s work on the role of social positions in the interpretation of mass media texts also helps explain this. His work was based around the three different ways a viewer can decode a text. The first is the dominant reading. This is when the reader shares the text’s code and accepts the intended reading. The second is the negotiated reading, which is when the reader partly accepts the intended reading but not completely. The reader then modifies it in a way that reflects their own position, experience sand interests. The third is the oppositional reading, which is when the reader’s social situation causes them to oppose the dominant code. They understand the intended reading but don’t agree with the code and reject the intended meaning, causing them to develop their own interpretation of the text. On March 6th 1995, teen couple Ben Darras and Sarah Edmondson shot a local businessman in Oklahoma. They then drove to Louisiana where they also shot a store store clerk. After their arrest, the couple said that they had been taking acid and watching Natural Born Killers several times. Upon Darras’s arrest he also shouted the words â€Å"I’m a natural born killer man†. Since the release of Natural Born Killers it has been linked to 8 murders. Each of the murderers shared the same lower class social position, and passion for the film. What can Hall and Morley’s work tell us about how this film was decoded so differently from its intended meaning by these adolescents? Hall (1977, p. 182) explains that texts are polysemic, meaning they may be read differently by different people depending on their identity, cultural background and personal opinions. Traditionally in film, those who commit acts of violence are villains who get punished for their crimes, while the police are seen as heroes. In this film the police are violent; one being a murderer himself. Throughout the film, Mickey and Mallory slaughter without reason yet by the end of the film they gain sympathy and likeability from the audience. An oppressed lower class audience may see Mickey and Mallory as lower class heroes as they overcome the oppressing system. Some may sympathize and relate with Mallory’s abusive upbringing. An example of this is shown in the film when Mickey and Mallory leave Mallory’s house after murdering her parents, the wallpaper displayed is an open bird cage, signifying that she is now free. In this scene the fact that they have just murdered two people is completely overshadowed by Mallory’s escape from an abusive environment. The viewer’s own personal situation, experiences and beliefs heavily influence how they decode the message of this film. Each of the individuals who committed copycat crimes after watching Natural Born Killers came from lower class social backgrounds. This implies that the social conditions that the lower classes endure under capitalism have a direct relation to why these individuals received the oppositional reading of the text. Natural Born Killers dwells on the fact that the two protagonists come from a lower class family, are uneducated, and how capitalist society associates people in this situation with crime. In the film Mickey calls himself a ‘natural born killer’ as he was born into the lower class, therefore society assumes he is a natural born criminal. He explains, â€Å"I was thrown into a flaming pit of scum, forgotten by God. † In this instance, Mickey refers to society and the members of it collectively as ‘God’. The use of semiotics to express this point is quite strong. Signs such as the way Mickey and Mallory speak, the way they dress, how they are groomed and the families that they come from signify that both are a part of the lower class. Other important characters in the film, such as officer Scagnetti, warden McClusky and reporter Wayne Gale wear suits, speak well and are also well groomed. Several shots in the film such as Wayne Gale trimming his nose hairs and McClusky combing his moustache are used to emphasize their appearance and social status. These characters are portrayed like this to signify that they are higher within the capitalist social hierarchy. All three seek control over Mickey and Mallory for personal gain, implying that the higher classes seek to control the lower class. As the film addresses the difference in occupation of classes in a capitalist society, it also addresses the aspiration levels of the lower class. As revealed previously, Mickey explains that society turned its back on him. He also states â€Å"I came from violence, it was in my blood. My dad had it, his dad had it. It’s just my fate. † Here Mickey is saying that he came from a lower class, as did his father and grandfather. He is also saying that to remain in this social status is just his ‘fate’, meaning the social norm. Hollingshead (2007, p. 285) explains that children have limited their horizons to the class horizon, and in the process they have unconsciously placed themselves in such a position that they will occupy the same levels as their parents. This being a direct effect of the capitalist ideology as Reissman (1953, p. 233) puts it, the proletarian can have no aspirations under capitalism, but instead must come to identify with their own class and aspire to an entirely different system of values. This entirely different ystem of values Reissman is referring to is that in many cases the lower class youth will pursue the quick rise to success and fame. In Natural Born Killers, Mickey and Mallory become international celebrities through their actions, they have fans and fame by taking the ‘short route’, regardless of the means used to get there. Williams and Mcshane (199 3 p. 52) state that the lower class youth may be associated with and aspire to become a â€Å"policy king†: â€Å"I want to be a big shot†¦ have all of the guys look up to me. Have a couple of lincolns, lots of broads and all of the coppers licking my shoes. As Natural Born Killers points the finger at the media for the glorification of violence, it also points a finger at capitalism for restraining the lower classes aspirations and confining them to a life of crime. Tshiwula (1998, p. 27) also shares this theory as she explains â€Å"capitalism is the root for the cause of much criminal behavior, particularly in crimes committed by the lower class. † Stuart Hall and David Morley’s work suggest that an individual’s social status can greatly influence how a text is decoded and the message they receive from it, regardless of the intended meaning. This suggests that people in a lower social status may see the antagonists as lower class heroes as they can relate to their situation. Semiotics in the film was used to signify the social gap between Mickey and Mallory, Wayne Gale, warden McClusky and officer Scagnetti. This explores the stereotypes of social status in capitalist ideology. The film’s references to the lower class being confined to a life of crime and having restricted aspirations inform us that these factors are imposed by capitalism. Unfortunately, these points are still valid in modern society. Many people who come from low income families believe that having the occupation they desire is unachievable due to their social/financial status. This isn’t necessarily true, however people in this situation may think this due to what the rest of society thinks of them. Not only is the intended message of Natural Born Killers important in making people realize the media’s glorification of violence, but also the message of lower class stereotypes and how they affect the individuals within that class. This text also provides us with an extreme example of how a text can be decoded by different individuals. It’s safe to say that the oppositional reading of Natural Born Killers was a direct result of capitalist ideology and its influence on lower class individuals. References Hall, S. (1977) Culture, The Media and the ‘Ideological Effect’. America: Open University Hollingshead, A. (2007). Elmtown’s Youth – The Impact of Social Classes on Adolescents. Chicago, America: Case Press Morley, D. (1992). Television Audiences and Cultural Studies. New York, America: Routledge Penn, A. (Director) Newman, D. (Writer) (1967). Bonnie and Clyde [Motion Picture]. America: Warner Bros. Pictures Reissman, L. (1953). American Sociological Review: Volume 18. America: American Sociological Association Stone, O. (Director/Producer) Tarantino, Q. (Writer) (1994). Natural Born Killers [Motion Picture]. America: Warner Bros. Pictures Tshiwula, L. (1998). Crime and Delinquency. Pretoria, South Africa: Kagiso Publishers Williams, F. P. , McShane, M. D (1993). Criminology Theory. America: Anderson Publishing Co How to cite Natural Born Killers Capitalism, Essay examples Natural Born Killers Capitalism Free Essays Natural Born Killers Natural Born Killers (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1994) is a film directed by Oliver Stone. The story is about Mickey and Mallory Knox, two serial killers that travel across America on a killing spree which elevates them from criminals into international media celebrities. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Born Killers Capitalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The story sounds like a modern day Bonnie and Clyde (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1967), however Mickey and Mallory’s crimes are much more severe and without cause. Stone intended the film to be a critique on a culture obsessed with violence and the media’s glorification of violence. In Chaos Rising: The Storm Around Natural Born Killers’ (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1994) Stone explains â€Å"What I was doing was pointing the finger at the system that feeds off violence, and at the media that package it for mass consumption. † Unfortunately, many people perceived the message of Natural Born Killers as a glorification of violence. The film even inspired several copycat killings. The film Natural Born Killers was intended to critique a culture obsessed with violence, yet inspired murders. The reason this film was decoded so differently by some viewers was due to social stereotypes imposed by capitalist ideology. How an audience perceives a message from a text is through the process of decoding. Those who produce a text encode it with messages and meanings through the use of semiotics. When the audience receives a text, they then decode and identify these meanings through the signs and signifiers. Morley (1992, p. 53) explains that meaning in a text is generated through two main factors. The first factor is the way a text is encoded through semiotics. This can invite certain readings and block others. The second is the social background of the receiver, which can be studied sociologically. The interaction of these two constraining structures will define the notion that a text can be interpreted in an infinite number of individual ways. Stuart Hall’s work on the role of social positions in the interpretation of mass media texts also helps explain this. His work was based around the three different ways a viewer can decode a text. The first is the dominant reading. This is when the reader shares the text’s code and accepts the intended reading. The second is the negotiated reading, which is when the reader partly accepts the intended reading but not completely. The reader then modifies it in a way that reflects their own position, experience sand interests. The third is the oppositional reading, which is when the reader’s social situation causes them to oppose the dominant code. They understand the intended reading but don’t agree with the code and reject the intended meaning, causing them to develop their own interpretation of the text. On March 6th 1995, teen couple Ben Darras and Sarah Edmondson shot a local businessman in Oklahoma. They then drove to Louisiana where they also shot a store store clerk. After their arrest, the couple said that they had been taking acid and watching Natural Born Killers several times. Upon Darras’s arrest he also shouted the words â€Å"I’m a natural born killer man†. Since the release of Natural Born Killers it has been linked to 8 murders. Each of the murderers shared the same lower class social position, and passion for the film. What can Hall and Morley’s work tell us about how this film was decoded so differently from its intended meaning by these adolescents? Hall (1977, p. 182) explains that texts are polysemic, meaning they may be read differently by different people depending on their identity, cultural background and personal opinions. Traditionally in film, those who commit acts of violence are villains who get punished for their crimes, while the police are seen as heroes. In this film the police are violent; one being a murderer himself. Throughout the film, Mickey and Mallory slaughter without reason yet by the end of the film they gain sympathy and likeability from the audience. An oppressed lower class audience may see Mickey and Mallory as lower class heroes as they overcome the oppressing system. Some may sympathize and relate with Mallory’s abusive upbringing. An example of this is shown in the film when Mickey and Mallory leave Mallory’s house after murdering her parents, the wallpaper displayed is an open bird cage, signifying that she is now free. In this scene the fact that they have just murdered two people is completely overshadowed by Mallory’s escape from an abusive environment. The viewer’s own personal situation, experiences and beliefs heavily influence how they decode the message of this film. Each of the individuals who committed copycat crimes after watching Natural Born Killers came from lower class social backgrounds. This implies that the social conditions that the lower classes endure under capitalism have a direct relation to why these individuals received the oppositional reading of the text. Natural Born Killers dwells on the fact that the two protagonists come from a lower class family, are uneducated, and how capitalist society associates people in this situation with crime. In the film Mickey calls himself a ‘natural born killer’ as he was born into the lower class, therefore society assumes he is a natural born criminal. He explains, â€Å"I was thrown into a flaming pit of scum, forgotten by God. † In this instance, Mickey refers to society and the members of it collectively as ‘God’. The use of semiotics to express this point is quite strong. Signs such as the way Mickey and Mallory speak, the way they dress, how they are groomed and the families that they come from signify that both are a part of the lower class. Other important characters in the film, such as officer Scagnetti, warden McClusky and reporter Wayne Gale wear suits, speak well and are also well groomed. Several shots in the film such as Wayne Gale trimming his nose hairs and McClusky combing his moustache are used to emphasize their appearance and social status. These characters are portrayed like this to signify that they are higher within the capitalist social hierarchy. All three seek control over Mickey and Mallory for personal gain, implying that the higher classes seek to control the lower class. As the film addresses the difference in occupation of classes in a capitalist society, it also addresses the aspiration levels of the lower class. As revealed previously, Mickey explains that society turned its back on him. He also states â€Å"I came from violence, it was in my blood. My dad had it, his dad had it. It’s just my fate. † Here Mickey is saying that he came from a lower class, as did his father and grandfather. He is also saying that to remain in this social status is just his ‘fate’, meaning the social norm. Hollingshead (2007, p. 285) explains that children have limited their horizons to the class horizon, and in the process they have unconsciously placed themselves in such a position that they will occupy the same levels as their parents. This being a direct effect of the capitalist ideology as Reissman (1953, p. 233) puts it, the proletarian can have no aspirations under capitalism, but instead must come to identify with their own class and aspire to an entirely different system of values. This entirely different ystem of values Reissman is referring to is that in many cases the lower class youth will pursue the quick rise to success and fame. In Natural Born Killers, Mickey and Mallory become international celebrities through their actions, they have fans and fame by taking the ‘short route’, regardless of the means used to get there. Williams and Mcshane (199 3 p. 52) state that the lower class youth may be associated with and aspire to become a â€Å"policy king†: â€Å"I want to be a big shot†¦ have all of the guys look up to me. Have a couple of lincolns, lots of broads and all of the coppers licking my shoes. As Natural Born Killers points the finger at the media for the glorification of violence, it also points a finger at capitalism for restraining the lower classes aspirations and confining them to a life of crime. Tshiwula (1998, p. 27) also shares this theory as she explains â€Å"capitalism is the root for the cause of much criminal behavior, particularly in crimes committed by the lower class. † Stuart Hall and David Morley’s work suggest that an individual’s social status can greatly influence how a text is decoded and the message they receive from it, regardless of the intended meaning. This suggests that people in a lower social status may see the antagonists as lower class heroes as they can relate to their situation. Semiotics in the film was used to signify the social gap between Mickey and Mallory, Wayne Gale, warden McClusky and officer Scagnetti. This explores the stereotypes of social status in capitalist ideology. The film’s references to the lower class being confined to a life of crime and having restricted aspirations inform us that these factors are imposed by capitalism. Unfortunately, these points are still valid in modern society. Many people who come from low income families believe that having the occupation they desire is unachievable due to their social/financial status. This isn’t necessarily true, however people in this situation may think this due to what the rest of society thinks of them. Not only is the intended message of Natural Born Killers important in making people realize the media’s glorification of violence, but also the message of lower class stereotypes and how they affect the individuals within that class. This text also provides us with an extreme example of how a text can be decoded by different individuals. It’s safe to say that the oppositional reading of Natural Born Killers was a direct result of capitalist ideology and its influence on lower class individuals. References Hall, S. (1977) Culture, The Media and the ‘Ideological Effect’. America: Open University Hollingshead, A. (2007). Elmtown’s Youth – The Impact of Social Classes on Adolescents. Chicago, America: Case Press Morley, D. (1992). Television Audiences and Cultural Studies. New York, America: Routledge Penn, A. (Director) Newman, D. (Writer) (1967). Bonnie and Clyde [Motion Picture]. America: Warner Bros. Pictures Reissman, L. (1953). American Sociological Review: Volume 18. America: American Sociological Association Stone, O. (Director/Producer) Tarantino, Q. (Writer) (1994). Natural Born Killers [Motion Picture]. America: Warner Bros. Pictures Tshiwula, L. (1998). Crime and Delinquency. Pretoria, South Africa: Kagiso Publishers Williams, F. P. , McShane, M. D (1993). Criminology Theory. America: Anderson Publishing Co How to cite Natural Born Killers Capitalism, Papers

Use of Irony in the Rocking-Horse Winner free essay sample

Use of Irony- Enhancement By Janice Lai A story is comprised of literary elements and literary devices. The basic literary elements of a story are setting, character, conflict, point of view, plot and theme. A story must have all these elements in order to become a fully developed story. Aside from these elements, writers often use literary devices to enhance the story, perhaps making the story more popular. Irony, a statement meaning the opposite of what is written literally when taken in context is one of the popular literary devices used. R. H. Lawrence also uses various ironies in his short story, Rocking-Horse Winner. Consequently, the various ironies in the story Rocking-House Winner effectively help to enhance the story by further developing the literary elements. First of all, R. H. Lawrence uses irony to strengthen the setting and the conflict in order to create a stronger developed story. In the beginning of the story, the audience is introduced to the environment of the family. We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Irony in the Rocking-Horse Winner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They attempt to be recognized as a high class by living in a stylish house and buying luxuries items. However, the parents both have a small income and the family always complains there is a shortage of money. As the author describes, â€Å"There was always the grinding sense of the shortage of money, though the style was always kept up. † This setting is ironic since if there is a shortage of money, the family would save up instead of spending to keep them in style. This ironic setting, indeed, introduces the conflict, since this continual massive spending will lead the family into financial problems. As a result, this use of irony effectively establishes the setting and introduces to the conflict of the story. Furthermore, irony is also used to enhance the plot. When Uncle Oscar finds out his nephew Paul is involved in horse race betting, he asks Paul for a potential winning horse. However, Uncle Oscar does not believe in him so he only bet a small amount of money. This is ironic since although Uncle Oscar finds out his nephew is brilliant in betting, he still doesn’t trust Paul’s decision. This proves it is unbelievable that such a child can excel in horse race betting which further enhances the plot by creating anxiety in reader if Paul is able to win so much money in horse race betting. Consequently, by creating anxiety in the audience, the irony further makes the story better. Aside from the previous ironies, the author also utilizes irony to enhance the setting and plot. When Paul gives some of the money he wins to his mother with an excuse as a trust fund, instead of stopping the whispers of â€Å"There must be more money†, the whispers grow to â€Å"There must be more money! More than ever! More than ever! † This clearly reveals the setting of this story in which the family is materialistic and longs for money. This builds up the conflict since Paul will be pressurized to find more money leading to the climax of this story. This irony will also create suspense since the audience will wonder what Paul will do to gain more money. Consequently, the irony indeed enhances the story by creating suspense, revealing the setting and thus building up the conflict. Lastly, R. H. Lawrence also uses irony to develop characterization and the rising action of the story. When Paul struggles to go to the Derby, his mother blames Bassett and Uncle Oscar for influencing Paul into these races. However, it is ironic since it is her who caused all these troubles. If she does not long for money and does not entirely spend the 5000 pounds given to her as a trust fund, then Paul will not be involved in the horse race betting. As a result, this irony reveals the character of his mother. She does not realize that her living style and the constant whisperings of â€Å"There must be more money! † does create a problem for the family and put pressure on Paul. She does not realize that her materialistic personality is a problem. This irony also strengthens the rising action of the story. Aside from the pressure put on Paul by Uncle Oscar, his mother also puts pressure on Paul by telling him to stay away from the horse races. All these pressure intensify the rising action in order to advance the story to the climax point. Therefore, by revealing characterization and the plot, this irony further strengthens the whole story. In all, in the story, Rocking Horse Winner, written by R. H. Lawrence, it uses various ironies to enhance the story by further developing the literary elements. In the beginning, the author uses the irony of the family’s living style to introduce the setting and conflict. Later, irony is used to develop the plot and create suspense. During the rising action, irony is used again to build up the conflict and reveal the setting. Lastly, irony is used to reveal the nature of the mother’s character and intensify the plot to advance the story to the climax point. Therefore, by using these ironies effectively, R. H. Lawrence is able to make his story more intensified and suspenseful. This is why many authors use ironies to enhance their story. A story must have all the basic elements, but to make it a ‘good’ story, one must use literary devices to enhance the story.

IHRM culture free essay sample

†¢ Culture – a community’s set of shared assumptions about how the world works and what ideals are worth striving for. †¢ Culture can greatly affect a country’s laws. †¢ Culture influences what people value, so it affects people’s economic systems and efforts to invest in education. †¢ Culture often determines the effectiveness of various HRM practices. Culture †¢ Cultural characteristics influence the ways members of an organization behave toward one another as well as their attitudes toward various HRM practices. †¢ Cultures strongly influence the appropriateness of HRM practices. †¢ Cultural differences can affect how people communicate and how they coordinate their activities Cultural environment Dimensions of Culture 1. Globe Project Team 2. Hofstede’s model and 3. Trompenaar’s 7d cultural model An understanding of these models equips international managers with the basic tools necessary to analyse the cultures in which they do business. The three approaches also provide useful theoretical concepts to help understand the nuances of different cultures better. We will write a custom essay sample on IHRM culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Globe Project The GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness) project team comprises 170 researchers who have collected data over seven years on cultural values and practices and leadership attributes from 17,000 managers in 62 countries, covering as many as 825 organizations spread across the globe. The research team identified nine cultural dimensions that distinguish one society from another and have important managerial implications: assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, human orientation, gender differentiation, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, collectivism/societal, and in-group collectivism. Assertiveness This aspect is defined as the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies are expected to be tough, confrontational and competitive versus modest and tender. Future Orientation This dimension refers to the level of importance a society attaches to futureoriented behaviours such as planning and investing in the future and delaying immediate gratification. Performance Orientation Performance orientation measures the importance of performance and excellence in society and refers to whether people are encouraged to strive for continued improvement and excellence. Human Orientation Human orientation is understood as the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies encourage and reward people for being altruistic, generous, caring and kind to others. Gender Differentiation This is understood as the extent to which an organization or society resorts to role differentiation and gender discrimination. In-group Collectivism This refers to the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness in their organisations or families. Collectivism/Societal This refers to the degree to which organisational and societal practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action. Power Distance This refers to the degree to which organisational members or citizens of a society expect and agree that power should be unequally distributed. Uncertainty Avoidance This refers to the extent to which members of an organisation or society strive to avoid uncertainty by relying on social norms, rituals and bureaucratic practices to minimize the unpredictability of future happenings. GLOBE’s ranking is highly helpful to international managers who are seeking to be successful in cross-cultural settings. Anticipating cultural similarities and differences allows multi-cultural managers to develop the behaviours and skills necessary to act and decide in a manner appropriate to the host country norms and expectations. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions In a discussion on multicultures, reference should be made to the pioneering work done by the Dutch scientist, Geert Hofstede. He identified five cultural dimensions around which countries have been clustered, with people in each group exhibiting identical behaviours. The four dimensions are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity. Long/Short term orientation Power Distance Power distance is the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organisations accepts that power is distributed unequally. Countries in which people blindly obey the orders of superiors have high power distance. High power distance countries have norms, values and beliefs such as:†¢Inequality is fundamentally good, †¢Every one has a place; some are high, some are low, †¢Most people should be dependent on a leader, †¢The powerful are entitled to privileges and †¢The powerful should not hide their power. High Power v/s Low Power countries The US, Austria, Ireland, Norway and New Zealand represent cultures with low power distance. These societies exhibit characteristics almost the opposite of the features listed above. France, India, Singapore, Brazil, Mexico and Indonesia are examples of societies with a high power distance. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these. Countries with citizens who do not like uncertainty tend to have a high need for security and a strong belief in experts and their knowledge. Countries with low uncertainty avoidance have people who are more willing to accept that risks are associated with the unknown and the life must go on in spite of this. Specifically, high uncertainty avoidance countries are characterised by norms, values and beliefs which accept that: †¢Conflict should be avoided, †¢Deviant people and ideas should not be tolerated, †¢Laws are very important and should be followed, †¢Experts and authorities are usually correct and †¢Consensus is important Low uncertainty avoidance societies tend to represent the antonym of the above characteristics. Individualism Individualism is the tendency of people to look after themselves and their family only. Individualism is common in the US, Canada, Australia, Denmark and Sweden. Specifically, countries high on individualism have norms, values and beliefs which accept that: †¢People are responsible for themselves, †¢Individual achievement is ideal and †¢People need not be emotionally dependent on organisations or groups. In the individualist societies, favoritism shown to friends and relatives is considered to be unfair and even illegal. Masculinity Masculinity refers to a situation in which the dominant values in a society are success, money and other material things. Hofstede measured this dimension on a continuum ranging from masculinity to femininity. High masculine cultures have norms, values and beliefs that: †¢Gender roles should be clearly distinguished, †¢Men are assertive and dominant, †¢Machismo or exaggerated maleness is good, †¢People – especially men should be decisive, †¢Work takes priority over other duties, such as family and †¢Advancement, success and money are important. Long /short term orientation †¢ Suggests whether the focus of cultural values is on the future (long term) or the past and present (short term). Trompenaar’s Framework Trompenaars, an European researcher, conducted an extensive research with 15,000 managers from 28 countries, representing 47 national cultures. He describes cultural differences using seven dimensions (the theory is therefore called 7d cultural dimensions model): (i) universalism versus particularism, (ii) individualism versus collectivism, (iii) specific versus diffuse, (iv) neutral versus affective, (v) achievement versus ascription, (vi) past versus present (time dimension), and (vii) internal versus external control THE 7D MODEL OF CULTURE CULTURAL DIMENSION Relationships with People: Universalism vs. particularism Individualism vs. collectivism Specific vs. Diffuse Neutral vs. Affective Achievement vs. Ascription Perspective on Time: Sequential vs. Synchronic Relationship with the Environment: Internal vs. External Control CRITICAL QUESTION Do we consider rules or relationships more important? Do we act mostly as individuals or as groups? How extensively are we involved with the lives of other people? Are we free to express our emotions or are we restrained? Do we achieve status through accomplishment or is it part of our situation in life (e. g. , gender, age, social class)? Do we do tasks in sequence or several tasks at once? Do we control the environment or does it control us? (i) Universalism versus Particularism In cultures with universalistic orientation, people believe in abstract principles such as the rules of law, religion or cultural principles. In universalistic cultures, the focus is more on formal rules than on relationships; business contracts are adhered to very closely and people believe that a ‘deal is a deal’. In a particularistic culture, legal contracts are adhered to very closely and the way, deals are executed also changes depending on the situations. (ii) Individualism versus Collectivism This dimension is almost identical to Hofstede’s value dimension. In individualistic societies, the focus is on â€Å"I† or â€Å"me† and the orientation is one’s own growth. In collectivist societies, the focus is on groups, including family, organisation and community. Responsibility, achievements and rewards are group-based. In individualistic societies, people are trained from childhood to be independent, and each person assumes individual responsibility for his/her success or failure. (iii)Specific versus Diffuse This cultural dimension focusses on how a culture emphasizes on notions of privacy and access to privacy. In specific cultures, individuals have large public spaces and relatively small private spaces. While the public space is open, the private one is guarded carefully and shared with only close friends and associates. A diffuse culture does not allow any distinction between public and private spaces. (iv) Neutral versus Affective In this dimension, Trompenaars focusses on the appropriateness of expressing emotions in different cultures. In neutral cultures, the tendency of the people is to control their emotions so that it will not interfere with their judgement. In contrast, effective cultures encourage the expression of emotions. Expressions of anger, laughter, gesturing and a range of emotional outbursts are considered normal and acceptable. But in neutral societies, emotions are considered to be messy interference in achieving objectives. (v) Achievement versus Ascription This dimension describes the methods used to acquire status. In an achievement culture, an individual is accorded status based on how well he/she performs his/her functions. Status depends on achievement. An ascription culture is one in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is, his age, gender or social connections. Achievement is not the criterion to accord status. (vi) Time Dimension Time orientation has two dimensions. The first dimension of Trompenaars is similar to Hofstede’s – there are different emphasis on the past, present and future. The second refers to sequential versus spectronic cultures. This dimension is unique to Trompenaars. In sequential cultures, time is viewed as linear and divided into segments that can then be divided and scheduled. The followers of sequential cultures tend to do only one activity at a time, keep appointments strictly and show a strong preference for following plans as they are laid out and not deviating from them. US, Mexico and France tend to follow sequential cultures. In synchronic cultures such as Portugal and Egypt, time is viewed as circular and indivisible, and relationships are more important than schedules. (vi) Internal versus External Control The final cultural dimension of Trompenaars relates to one’s locus of control – his belief about whether he or she is the master of his or her own destiny. Where individuals (read managers) believe that they have control over outcomes, they are said to be followers of internal locus of control. Instead, if they believe that they have control over the outcomes, such people (managers) deem to follow the tenets of external locus of control.

Art and Stuff essays

Art and Stuff essays When looking into society once can be influenced by a number of issues. These issues can include art. Art is work that is put together by an individual. It is a true creative act that is used as a form of expression from the artist. Art is inspiring and can influence a society. Art work is seen through acting, music, and pictures. Firstly, one can see art through acting. Acting is a performance in which one disguises themselves and become a different individual. Acting is an expression of oneself. This act can be seen in plays, on Television and in movies. Acting is important to a society for it provides an escape route as well as a form of entertainment. Without acting there would be more boredom. Many rely on going to plays as well as watching television. Without these forms of art, it would be difficult for one to stay entertained. Acting is a form of art that is important to a society. Secondly, music is a form of art. Song writers and singers use their talent to make music. Music is in spring and can influence others. Music can be seen as a form of entertainment also. It is constantly being played on the radio as well as clubs and concerts. Many listen to music to become entertained. For some, listening to an inspired song can effect their views, can also influence into reaching goals. Music is a well known form of art. Lastly, art can be seen in art galleries. Some forms of art that are usually seen are sculptures, paintings, and also photographs. All these forms are made uniquely and by persons. It is the fact that it is made by thought and made by a person that is called art. Sculptures of people and objects can be inspiring and educational to many. Paintings and photographs can contrast a mood in which can inspire a person. These forms of art are very important to society. If there were no galleries nor any forms of art than this world would be plain. Art forms surround society making it ...

Causes and Effects of Refugees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes and Effects of Refugees - Essay Example The present research has identified that a conflict in any given area triggers massive migrations of refugees across national borders and towards other countries considered to be safe. This is evident in locations that are prone to civil and social strife such as Afghanistan, the Balkans, Sudan, and Iraq. Generally, it is due to a civil strife in one’s homeland that a person leaves it. Anti-regime rebellions also lead to the emergence of refugees due to persecution. This is in regard to violating human rights, for example, the right to freedom of expression. However, not all governments or leaders welcome the idea of political freedom, as they prefer to silence their people. Ethnic campaigns are also major contributors to the presence of refugees in the world we live in. In spite of the world holding the title â€Å"civilized†, some people still think of their superiority. This is in regard to individuals who incite chaos against people they consider to be inferior to t hem, a practice also called ethnic cleansing. It is such events that, following tribal clashes between the Hutus and Tutsis, led to massive migration of refugees from Rwanda to neighbouring countries. In addition, a refugee situation can be caused by natural disasters within one’s own area of living by virtue of being internally displaced. This is particularly so for populations affected by natural disasters and those living in areas likely to be affected by climate change, as well as people involuntarily resettled due to development projects. According to Salehyan, international conflicts also lead to the rise of the number of refugees, as they are not â€Å"the unfortunate by-products of war, but may serve as catalysts for conflict†. This is seen in cases where refugees move into neighbouring countries, which, in turn, restrict migration. This fosters hostility between countries that may lead to military action and further increase of the number of refugees. One of t he effects of being refugees in a foreign country is the loss of cultural identity. This is in spite of the suppression of their inner mental representations of many aspects of their native culture. As a result, refugees fail to integrate successfully in the society that they move into due to differences in culture and stereotypes posed by the natives of the host country. This leads to discrimination against refugees, which negatively affects the process of cultural adjustment. Health issues accompany refugees in all places they may go to; this is in the form of access to quality health services that may include health records. This is because the information provided by refugees on their health status comes directly from the refugee patient and is, therefore, not a professional viewpoint. This way, refugee agencies are unable to direct health and humanitarian services to enhance awareness and meet population-based needs. Moreover, forced migrations result in severe demographic cons equences in terms of mortality, human suffering, and displacement of populations; they also result in the destruction of social structures that destabilize a society and drive it to the brink of strife. This way, cohesion between and among families is disrupted, and the bond is weakened, resulting in the need to look for one’s way out instead of looking out for the whole society.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 27

Assignment Example The exemption to this was for those at the constitution adoption time. The person should be at least 35 years of age. The person should have lived in the United States for at least fourteen years which do not have to be consequent. The president of the United States should probably not be a native born American, anyone who qualifies to be the president with good leadership can be a united sates president. Once the person has the qualities to lead the person is able to perform well the office work. There are those that are not born in the United States but have acquired citizenship in the states. They should also be allowed to feel as members of the states. Unelected justice should be allowed to make decisions on the personal held beliefs. When they are allowed to make the decision on the personal held beliefs since the beliefs can be true and bring change to the Supreme Court. This can bring less criticism of SCOTUS on its

Eco Hotel Business Plan

Eco Hotel Business Plan Business Plan ECO-REST Non-Profit Hotel Executive Summary The current hospitality and tourism market finds itself under threat, almost as a direct result of the heightened awareness of the impact that is being Imposed by the relatively new phenomenon that is know as climate change. The market: As an industry the hotel and hospitality sectors have an abundance of establishments, particularly in the Greater Miami areas. In essence it could therefore be argued that there is no need for yet another hotel. The answer to this viewpoint is that the proposed ECO-REST hotel project has two distinctive and unique features and benefits that provide it with a potentially new business model that, to a large extent, will enable the hotel to create its own niche marketplace. Further, the diversification into the non-profit arena, with the objective of feeding excess income out to support community based environmentally positive projects, does show that the non-profit hotel organisation can bring about change in an effective manner and one that involves every member of the local community. Customers: Research has shown that the business and leisure traveller are becoming more discerning; In particular this reveals itself in the concerns that are being expressed relating to business response to climate change. The overwhelming majority of consumers now believe that it is the duty of the hotel operator to encompass the improvement and changes needed to combat global warming and they are prepared to pay a premium to those establishment that can prove they have adopted eco-friendly systems and structures within their operational procedures and methods of trading. With 80% of travellers being of in favour of this position it is clear that there is a need for the hospitality organisations to adapt their objectives to a set of rules that takes into account the demands of the consumer and face the environmental issue. Alternatively, they face the risk of the loss of competitive advantage and market share, neither of which options would be received positively by shareholders who are the m ajor investors in the hotel sector. Hotel features: The features that are being included within the design and build of ECO-REST are intended to include all the latest technology and design that is being used and recommended as a template for reducing the impact that hotels have upon the environment. These include energy saving systems, methods by which the maximum benefit is gained from the use of daylight; solar and wind-power and the recycling of all basic discarded and waster material. The green features also extend beyond the needs of the building to address environmentally friendly systems in the garden and grounds belonging to the business. In fact the whole ethos of the business is to approach every aspect of the business operation of the basis of â€Å"how green can it be.† Research has shown that this approach not only provides a competitive advantage when seeking to increase market share but also has a positive affect upon the profitability of the business as well. Operating principles ECO-REST has a philosophy that is specifically designed based on giving back to the customer, which is the reason why it was decided that this project should be styled as a non profit making charitable organisation. This allows the business to have the extra flexibility to be able to donate to organisations of its choice that will be of positive use to the community and its environment. The Future There is little doubt that as the warning relating to climate change becomes more vocal people are going to become more strident in their demands for the traditional systems of commerce. It will not be acceptable in the future to react with cosmetic measures designed to appease. In the future consumers will want to proof of improvements. Hotels such as ECO-REST are examples of structures and establishments that contain that proof. Therefore there is little doubt that the opportunity exists to be able to take this business model and replicate it, not only in other areas of the US but also to the international community. Contents (Jump to) Executive Summary 1. Introduction 2 Target market opportunity 2.1 Tourism 2.2 Business Eco-travel 2.3 The hospitality and tourism market in Florida 3 Marketing 3.1 Tourist and corporate travel operators 3.2 Advertising and promotion 3.3 Strategic alliances 4 Competitors 4.1 Five forces analysis 5 Corporate strategy 5.1 Start up strategy 5.2 Operating principles 5.3 Operational programme 6 Management and governance structure 7 Financials 1. Introduction It is extremely rare to find a hotel establishment within the commercial market that operates on a non-profit making basis, with all excess revenue earned during the year being used for charitable purposes rather than to enhance shareholder/owner value. Similarly, few hotels have taken full advantage of all the green and eco-friendly and sustainable measures that are available to this sector of the hospitality industry. The ECO-REST hotel project is designed to fit within both of these criteria. ECO-REST Hotel, an establishment that will have 120 rooms and be based in Greater Miami, Florida, will make full use of all currently available environmentally friendly practices and partner with environmental organisations to donate all profits to help fund local green and sustainable projects. This report contains the proposed business plan for ECO-REST Hotel and will outline the research that has been conducted into the market, its competitors, the anticipated financial performance and req uirements for the project. 2. Target market opportunity Research has shown there is an increasing demand from tourists and business travellers for hotel establishments that took the incorporation of environmentally measures within their establishments seriously and were prepared to pay a premium for accommodation that fulfilled these requirements. 2.1. Tourism Although there are various forms of tourism[1] in the context of the ECO-REST project the concentration will be focused upon Ecotourism and sustainable tourism. In these two areas there are significant indicators that these forms are the future growth sectors of the industry, as can be evidenced from the following: From the beginning of the last decade it has been estimated that ecotourism has been growing at an annual rate of between 20% and 34%[2] Eco and sustainable tourism numbers in 2004 was outpacing the overall tourism industry growth by three times[3] Produces economic benefit for the local community, in terms of increased employment 62% of Americans consider it important to learn about other cultures when they travel[4] 80% of Americans consider hotels should take steps to protect the environment[5] and an increasing number base their accommodation selection upon these factors In addition to the above most research has indicated that these forms of tourism have economic benefits for the hotels and destinations. 2.2.  Business Eco-travel The corporate market is also becoming increasingly involved with environmental and sustainable issues[6]. This has occurred both because of the increasing national and international legislation that is being introduced to tackle the effects of climate change and is being influenced by the changing demands of their consumers. An integral part of annual reporting for the majority of corporations today is the inclusion of a corporate and social responsibility report (CSR). Within this document is included an overview of the business response and performance upon issues such as steps to make the corporation processes and operations more environmentally friendly and its contribution towards sustainability within the local community. Reducing the corporate carbon footprint is as essential element of these CSR performances and therefore the importance of the environmental impact of business travel, which hotel and hospitality accommodation is an element of, is becoming increasingly importan t for the business brand. The US travel industry is one of the economy’s largest sectors and produces revenues in excess of $100 billion per annum, of which 70% is spent on domestic travel. Of this domestic travel element approximately 45% is related to business travel and accommodation requirements. Based upon the fact that 80% of the US population believes that hotels should take a protective approach to the environment, it therefore is apparent that there is a considerable potential for revenue growth to be generated by offering corporate hospitality, with the product being enhanced to include the environmental and sustainable factor that are becoming increasingly important. 2.3.  The hospitality and tourism market in Florida As can be seen from the following graph (figure 1), the visitor numbers to Florida as a state has experienced a year on year growth of domestic, overseas, and Canadian visitor numbers since the turn of the century[7]. These numbers include both the business and tourism sectors. As can be seen from this graph, although the numbers of overseas an Canadian visitors have remained relatively flat for the period, the significant rise in domestic tourists has increased by nearly thirty percent as more US citizens are taking domestic vacations. In addition, the same research indicates that, of this number, approximately 44.3% uses hotels and other paid accommodation, which in 2007 equates to around 37.4 million guests to be accommodated. In terms of the hotel market specifically related to Miami, a recent report indicated that occupancy rates for the Greater Miami area for the first four months of 2008 were up to 80.5% with room rates averaging $196.61[8]. However, this position is expected to have slowed during the final part of the year and is likely to remain static for 2009 due to the global economic downturn. Nevertheless, as will be shown later within this report, these rates are considerably higher than the business plan for this project envisages. 3. Marketing ECO-REST hotel has set its target occupancy rate for the business at 70% with an average room rate, taking into account discounts and special offers, of $170. To achieve the targets set, a strategic marketing programme has been designed, which will concentrate upon the following three areas. 3.1.  Tourist and corporate travel operators Although a number of eco-tourists and business travellers tend to book and compile the component parts of their visits to Florida and Miami via the Internet, a large number still rely upon the services of external agencies. These include travel agents and tour operators. It is the intention of the business to create relationships with these organisations, particularly those that have an interest in eco and sustainable tourism and hospitality. To cement these relationships, the hotel will offer discounts at certain times and also provide evaluation and inspection visits, particularly at times of low occupancy, to enable representatives from these organisations to have a better understanding of the facilities offered by the hotel and its aims and objectives. 3.2.  Advertising and promotion It is important part of the strategic marketing programme for the business to promote the unique selling points (USP’s) of its business. Therefore, the focus of promotional material will be the environmentally friendly aspects of the business accommodation and the charitable support it provides to local and regional organisations directly involved with projects that address these issues. Furthermore, it will be necessary to ensure that the promotional message is directed to the most appropriate market segment. To achieve this objective the business intends to take a threefold approach. Promotion to destination organisations, such as cultural and nature attractions, including seeking to have the hotel advertised on their advertising literature Linking with members of such organisations through newsletters or other advertising based upon their membership lists Appropriate advertising targeted at the publications and media events relating to the issues that are relevant to the hotel’s aims and objectives In addition to these methods, it is intended to design an attractive website that displays and promotes all the important aspect of the hotel and its facilities. This will include visual and video images of the hotel and audio as well as written data and an interactive booking facility. The online promotion programme will also include a significant element of networking. This will be achieved by the creating of a corporate blog, interactive links with relevant organisations and charities and involvement with appropriate social networking sites, such as â€Å"You-tube†. 3.3.  Strategic alliances The third aspect of the marketing strategy for the business is to create strategic alliances with organisations and corporations that provide a fit for ECO-REST hotel’s USPs. Included amongst this selection will be the state tourist and environment offices, local NGO’s such as Friends of the Everglades and historical and cultural destination operators. To access the corporate market alliances will be formed local and regional trade and commerce associations supported by personal invitations to local corporations to visit the hotel and experience its facilities with the objective of securing occupancy from the out of areas suppliers and sales personnel that visit these businesses. It is anticipated that a targeted and disciplined marketing and promotional programme that incorporates the above described elements will enable the business to achieve its occupancy target within the first year of operations. 4. Competitors There are a considerable number of hotels and similar establishment in Florida and in the Greater Miami district. A reasonable segment of these hotels, due to their small sizes and limited facilities, would not present a competitive threat the ECO-REST’s project. Furthermore, in terms of specific comparisons, whilst most of the hotels have made certain attempts at becoming eco-friendly, many still have areas in this regard that require improvement. Evidence of this can be found at a website called Best Green Hotels, which reviews hotels and accommodation by a set of environmental indicators[9]. An example of this criterion can be found in appendix 2. The scoring system, based upon a â€Å"green† tree badge system, works in the following manner. 1 tree=1-4 ticks on the list 2 trees=5-9 ticks 3 trees=10-15 ticks 4 green trees=16-22 ticks 5 trees=27-29 trees 6 trees= 27-28 ticks 7 trees=29 ticks (maximum) A review of the 224 hotels listed for Florida and the six specific to a Miami search shows that none of these establishments have so far achieved a position of more than four stars. The aim for ECO-REST hotel is to create an environment that will enable the establishment to fulfil all of the stated criteria, thus achieving the highest award level offered by this listing. The intention therefore is to use this criterion as a guide to ensure that the environmental objectives of the business are achieved. 4.1.  Five forces analysis Addressing the hotel market in the Greater Miami area by using the five forces strategy developed by Michael Porter[10] it is anticipated that, whilst there are some concerns, the objective discussed earlier should place ECO-REST in a strong position to be able to gain a competitive advantage. Figure 2 Porters five forces Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_5_forces_analysis Rivalry Due to its location and brand awareness in the tourism and hospitality industry, the supply of hotel rooms in the Miami area is reasonably high, with a number of establishments that the tourist and business traveller. With the ECO-REST project involving the razing and rebuilding of an existing establishment it is unlikely that there will be any appreciable increase in the supply of room nights available in the area. Similarly, as the business average rate determinate is in line with current market rates it is considered unlikely that rivalry based upon price will be an immediate issue. It is further anticipated that the strategy being adopted by the ECO-REST hotel has a sufficient level of product differentiation to reduce the influence that rivalry might have upon its establishment[11]. In addition, research undertaken to date, mainly web based, has revealed few hospitality establishments operating on a non-profit basis apart from those directly aimed at the social service market, for example, those dealing with issues such as homelessness and persons experiencing social deprivation for a number of reasons. Supplier power Because the business is seeking to work through a number of strategic alliances within the travel industry and providing incentives from which these stakeholders will benefit, the level of supplier power will be reduced. An additional benefit in this respect will be accomplished by the fact that excess revenues from the ECO-REST project will be fed back to local environment and cultural project, thus leading to a level of competitive advantage that would not be achievable by the commercial hotel sector. With the requirement of creating â€Å"added value† for their shareholders, together with the cost of dividends, taxes and management benefit packages; these corporations will not be able to compete with the donation levels available to ECO-REST. Furthermore, the prospect of such funding will enhance the value of the relationship that ECO-REST will enjoy with local suppliers. Buyer power Buyer power is perhaps the most volatile element of the five forces framework to assess for two reasons. Firstly because the product has to match with the buyer’s or consumers purchasing determinates and demands and secondly because the experience has to match with their expectation in terms of satisfaction. However, based upon the researched that has been outlined in sections 2.1 and 2.2 of this proposal it is considered that the product offered by ECO-REST hotels addresses the first of these issues in that the hotel environment matches the increased demands for an environmentally friendly product. In terms of the second aspect, it is considered that, with the degree of quality attached to the hotel establishment and the anticipated service quality, the physical experience should exceed the consumers’ expectations. Substitute products Existing hotel establishments will find it impossible to match the product that is being offered by ECO-REST hotels without a severe disruption to their current trading levels. The benefit for ECO-REST is that this project is commencing with a â€Å"clean sheet† approach. This approach allows for the incorporation of eco-friendly systems at the design and construction stage of the project (see more detail in section 5). These will be applied to the building itself, its utilities and the external landscape. The cost of conversion or redevelopment of an existing hotel, particularly if undertaken by a commercially orientated organisation, would prove prohibitive to existing operators. Additionally, in the event that such organisations should decide to follow the lead set by ECO-REST hotel, the timescale for redevelopment provides this project with the benefit of being able to consolidate its market share and â€Å"first-mover† position in this niche sector of the hospitality market. Barriers to entry Barriers to entry into the niche market that is being anticipated within this project are considered to exist in the following areas: Non-profit structure The fact that the ECO-REST hotel is designed to be a non-profit organisation will reduce the numbers of new entrants by eliminating the commercial investor from this sector of the hospitality market as, if this model is followed; there is no commercial return on the investment made. Cost and timescale for development To commence a development of the nature of ECO-REST hotels does require the outlay of a considerable cost. Moreover, the timescale to completion is anticipated to be in the region of nine months. These factors will have a deterrent effect upon new entrants in two ways, particularly if this entrant is a commercially minded organisation. Firstly, the return on the investment in the short term will influence the level of costs attributable to the project. Secondly, the time taken for completion will provide first movers and preceding entrants, such as ECO-REST with the ability to establish the Brand and gain competitive advantage Strategic alliances The development of strong strategic alliances with the organisations as outlined in section 3.3 of this report, together with a programme that ensures continuing process of bi-directional and interactive communication between the ECO-REST business and these stakeholders will serve to reduce the potential of such organisations being tempted to change their allegiance to new entrants. Research has shown that, providing the right quality of service and commitment to stakeholders is maintained their inclination to change to a new promotional or revenue source will be reduced. Economic benefits As will be evidenced in the financial details contained within section 7, the reduction and elimination of the commercial elements from an operation that is conducted within the non-profit sector does present certain advantages to the beneficiaries of the product. In particular, in the case of this specific project those beneficiaries exist within two main areas. In the first instance of the profits (or excess revenues) from the ECO-REST project are being returned to the local economy. Secondly, and of equal importance, the project is designed to attract a more affluent and discerning visitor to the locale, which will increase revenues enjoyed by other commercial organisations situated in the Greater Miami district. Community benefits Finally, the project is designed to bring benefits to the local community. By increasing tax revenues to the district it enables the local authority to undertake more improvements to the community infrastructure and the environment in which its citizens dwell. Similarly, by increasing the funding available to local tourist natural and cultural destinations the project will improve the community’s enjoyment of their leisure facilities. 5. Corporate strategy Within this section of the business proposal the strategy and operational principles and procedures for the ECO-REST hotel project are presented and discussed in further depth. 5.1.  Start up strategy ECO-REST hotel is currently working closely with the WTO[12], a local architect and a US construction corporation renowned for their involvement with the construction of environmentally friendly buildings. With the increased levels of concerns relating to environmental issues and the desire to sustain local destinations and environments, it is anticipated that the planning application and approval stage of this development should be completed within two months of that application being lodged with the local authorities. Currently two sites are being evaluated and discussed concerning their suitability for the project. The basis for continuation of the project has been agreed to concentrate around the following format. The construction company, taking advantage of the favourable grants and loans available for the construction of environmentally friendly structures, have agreed to fund the cost of the building works. In return for this advantage, the property, when completed, will be leased back to ECO-REST for a period of forty years at a rate that is commensurate with current market values. Consideration is being given to extending this business model and concept throughout other US states in the future, thus increasing the funds available to local natural and cultural destinations and enhancing the lifestyle and economic wealth that attracts to the local community. This project will also serve the purpose of heightening the awareness of the population to the environmental issues and dangers currently being faced by the global community, whilst at the same time demonstrating that the solution to these issues does not always require the motivation of the profit or shareholder â€Å"added value† drivers. Furthermore, it will also show that, providing the desired relationships can be developed between social and environmental needs and the commercial ethos in a manner that merges the motivational needs and requirements of all of the stakeholders, each and every one of these stakeholders will benefit from the concerted effort required to complete and fulfil these pro jects. 5.2.  Operating principles The operating principles, or mission statement, that has been proven to be the driving force behind the ethos upon which this project has been developed is: â€Å"It is possible, by the building of a new and unique relationship between the varied objectives of numerous stakeholders, to create a vision for the future that satisfies the needs and aspirations of all of these parties.† Furthermore, following the success of this project it will also show that, providing corporations within the tourism and hospitality sector fulfil the promises that are made to other stakeholders within the supply chain, . Environment To ensure that the ECO-REST project addresses the environmental issues being faced by the global community in the twenty-first century, and to set an example for the future, the following are some of the environmental systems of improvements will be used in the construction and design of the new building. These methods are also intended to enhance the comfort of the experience for the guests who stay at the hotel. Building The basic structure will be circular in shape and all of the rooms will be build around a central core which will house on the ground floor the extra facilities such as the conferencing rooms, dining and lounge areas. A special glass central roofing section will be installed, enabled to warm the building in the winter and cool it during the summer. As many common areas as possible will be walled in glass (similar to the design on the book cover left). The advantage of this design and roofing is that it will increase the amount of daylight that penetrates the building, thus reducing energy usage. Much of the structural work will make use of recyclable materials. It has also been noticed that in standard hotels one of the major sources of energy waste evolves from the fact that the bedrooms and accommodation areas are often quite dark, even during the course of the day. To reduce the use of lighting in these areas the bedroom windows will stretch the width of the room. Moreover, the main doors will be panelled with non-see-through toughened glass to improve daylight access to the rooms from the centre of the hotel. Energy systems Modern environmentally friendly energy systems will be incorporated into the building. This will include the use of Geo-thermal underground heating, solar panelling for water heating and other power supply purposes. In addition, miniature wind turbines will be strategically placed around the building structure to support the efforts to make the hotel free from reliance upon fossil fuels. Water In terms of the water supply a grey water system will be installed to ensure that waste water is cleaned and recycled for use in such areas as the toilet system and for garden irrigation purposes. Additionally, modern water saving techniques will be used in the bathroom facilities and the central hotel laundry. Finally, water storage systems will be installed to ensure maximum usage of natural rainwater. Waste As much human waste as is possible will also be treated and recycled in the outdoor garden areas. Guests will also be encouraged to help in the recycling process through the provision of special bins in their rooms so that they can separate the waste paper etc that is left from their stay. Garden and landscaping It is intended to also extend the environmentally friendly and sustainable systems into the garden area with the designing and implementing of xeric gardens and, furthermore, one new tree will be planted in the grounds for each of the bedrooms and suites that the hotel offers in