Comparison of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Book versus Movie Essay

Comparison of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Book Vs. MovieFor this paper, I chose the Roald Dahl modern fantasy book, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, and the fool Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. Dahls books are mostly fantasy and full of imagination. They are always a little cruel, but never without humor - a thrilling mixture of the grotesque and comic. A frequent motif is that people are not what they appear to be. Dahls works for children are usually told from the point of forecast of a child, and they typically involve adult villains, usually women who hate and mistreat children, and feature at least one good adult to counteract the villain(s). However, this tosh offers a different formula in that the adults in Charlies life are good. It is the children that he goes to the factory with that would be considered blue and there are consequences to their bad behavior. This paper will discuss some of the differences between the book and the film, as well as some of my own thoughts on the two. The film stars Gene unquiet as the eccentric chocolate maker, Peter Ostrum as Charlie, and Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe. The film was released in 1971. It was not a full musical in the usual sense, featuring only six songs. Some were notably well received, including The Candy Man Can, and The Oompa Loompa Song. Cheer Up, Charlie and Ive Got a Golden Ticket are songs are on a regular basis edited o...

Jane Eyre?s Self-Discovery :: essays research papers

The novel Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte consists of continuous journey through Janes life towards her final happiness and freedom. Janes physical journeys contribute significantly to plot development and to the idea that the novel is a journey through Janes life. Each journey causes her to experience vernal emotions and an eventual change of some kind. These actual journeys help Jane on her four figurative journeys, as each one allows her to reflect and grow.Jane makes her journey from Gateshead to Lowood at the epoch of ten, finally freeing her from her restrictive life with her aunt, who hates her. Jane resented her harsh treatment by her aunt. Mrs. Reeds attitude towards Jane highlights on of the main themes of the novel, the social class. Janes aunt sees Jane as inferior, who is less than a servant. Jane is glad to be leaving her cruel aunt and of having the chance of going to school.At Lowood she wins the friendship of everyone there, but her life is unvoiced because condit ions are poor at the school. She has come to be respected by the teachers and students, largely due to the influence of her teacher, Miss Temple, who has taken a part as a m early(a), governess, and a companion. Jane has found in Miss temple what Mrs. Reed always denied her. Also at Lowood Jane confront a nonher main theme of the novel, the ingrained fierceness, which is depicted by Bronte then typhus kills many of the students including Janes best friend, Helen Burns. This scene is especially important, because it makes Jane stronger, which is appropriate, as mentally strong people cope with violence in a more rational way.As Jane grows up and passes the age of eighteen, she advertises herself as a governess and is hired to a place called Thornfield. Although journeying into the completely unknown, Jane does not look back, only forward to her new life and her freedom at Thornfield. This particular journey marks a huge change in Janes life its a fresh start for her.Another importa nt journey Jane makes is from Gateshead back to Thornfield having visited her aunt Reed on her deathbed. By then Jane realizes that she loves Rochester. A key theme is raised here, Jane fierce desire to love and to be loved. She feels alone and isolated when she has no friends around her. This is a sharp contrast compared to other characters search for money and social position.

Ottomans 10th Grade :: essays research papers

To understand the Ottoman Empire is to understand a power mightier than even that of the Romans. It is a look back at not only boundaries and war, but an entire civilization all of its own. A civilization so advanced that it consumed land from the Danube River in Europe to the Deserts of the Arabian Plains.The Ottoman power was to be realized in by the first Ottoman leader, Osman. He was one of the few leading to dear attack the elusive Empire. Osman was able to turn nomadic tribes, Arabs, and Persians fleeing the Mongols, into a fierce army of well-trained soldiers.The notoriety of the Ottomans would be matte up in 1326. By this point, the ravening of Christians in Above A portrait during the early 14th century of Osman leading his people to a victory against the Byzantines. The Byzantine lands had direct to and escalation of power amongst the Ottomans. It was clock to strike directly at the Byzantines.Throughout the 1320s - 30s, the Ottomans captured much of the Byzantine la nds, leaving all but Constantinople and some lands in Europe. subsequently Osman had led a splendid kingdom to become an empire, his sons would rule. To preserve their throne, the Byzantines cut a disseminate to allow the Ottomans a share of the lands in the Europe. Still, by the attempt against the Byzantines, the Ottomans dealt a great deal of damage to the Christians in the west, and success to the Turks in the east.The Ottomans continued to press into Kosovo and Eastern Europe under the control of Murad I. After he exploited the Murad I led the Ottomans to one of their great focal points by capturing land in Europe and conquering the Byzantines.Next on the assencion of sultans was Bayazid. He was a sultan with great intentions. With the Hesperian lands stable at the moment, it was time to again press into Anatolia (present-day Turkey) and the Arab lands. His attempts, as a Muslim leader, to conquer Muslim lands offended umteen soldiers in his own ranks. The Christians in O ttoman Europe, who were invaded by Muslims, however, were more than glad to return the favor.With The Christians doing his dirty work for him, his reign soon fell. He died as a prisoner in Anatolia collectable to insurgents and rebels in his land.Sultan Muhammad I, however, came in time to get control re-established.Ottomans 10th Grade essays research papers To understand the Ottoman Empire is to understand a power mightier than even that of the Romans. It is a look back at not only boundaries and war, but an entire civilization all of its own. A civilization so advanced that it consumed land from the Danube River in Europe to the Deserts of the Arabian Plains.The Ottoman power was to be realized in by the first Ottoman leader, Osman. He was one of the few leaders to dear attack the Byzantine Empire. Osman was able to turn nomadic tribes, Arabs, and Persians fleeing the Mongols, into a fierce army of well-trained soldiers.The notoriety of the Ottomans would be felt in 1326. By t his point, the raiding of Christians in Above A portrait during the early 14th century of Osman leading his people to a victory against the Byzantines. The Byzantine lands had led to and escalation of power amongst the Ottomans. It was time to strike directly at the Byzantines.Throughout the 1320s - 30s, the Ottomans captured much of the Byzantine lands, leaving all but Constantinople and some lands in Europe. After Osman had led a small kingdom to become an empire, his sons would rule. To preserve their throne, the Byzantines cut a deal to allow the Ottomans a share of the lands in the Europe. Still, by the campaign against the Byzantines, the Ottomans dealt a great deal of damage to the Christians in the west, and success to the Turks in the east.The Ottomans continued to press into Kosovo and Eastern Europe under the control of Murad I. After he exploited the Murad I led the Ottomans to one of their great focal points by capturing land in Europe and conquering the Byzantines.Next on the assencion of sultans was Bayazid. He was a sultan with great intentions. With the western lands stable at the moment, it was time to again press into Anatolia (present-day Turkey) and the Arab lands. His attempts, as a Muslim leader, to conquer Muslim lands offended many soldiers in his own ranks. The Christians in Ottoman Europe, who were invaded by Muslims, however, were more than glad to return the favor.With The Christians doing his dirty work for him, his reign soon fell. He died as a prisoner in Anatolia due to insurgents and rebels in his land.Sultan Muhammad I, however, came in time to get control re-established.

Comparison of the Society of Animal Farm and America Today :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparison of the Society of Animal Farm and America TodayHumankind has ceaselessly had a thirst for power over its peers, environment and spiritual beliefs. To quench this thirst it has gone as far as genocide but has oft employed more subtle techniques, such as mind control. In todays socio-economical and political worlds, mind control plays a key economic consumption in dictating tastes and lifestyles as well as controlling political thoughts, views, and packs understanding of the world. It is accomplished using various channels to condition peoples thinking. Publicity and advertisement campaigns saturate people with products, broadcasting over communicate, and television which in itself is a prime example. Many religions employ mind control, instruct their followers to obey without questioning.With nearly global use of the television it has become a preferred method with which to influence and regulate peoples thinking, creating an empty and idealistic, hypothetical reali ty which people strive to emulate. This is accomplished through shows and movies the majority of which emphasize a perfect world, entirely free of corruption and poverty where everyone is physically attractive, emotionally stable, and economically wealthy a distorted reflection of our own world. This leads real people to attempt to create this imaginary world, only to fail so generating in themselves a sense of unworthiness, which in turn prompts them to try harder, to stop being individuals and become uniform.Another controlling method that is diffused through television, radio and written publications is any reported information about world politics and news. Powerful political groups narrow peoples views of what is going on nigh them by tainting and twisting information to their own device. They decide what to say and when to say it, revealing as much or little information as desired, in befitting instances thus enabling them to hide information they consider deleterious to the mselves, from the public. It also permits them to depict opponents in overly negative terms.Similar to news in its widespread marketing, publicity is another method in which peoples minds are reprogrammed, this time by the merchandisers. Publicity attempts to ingrain concepts and transmit political and commercialized messages into the consumers minds, in an endeavor to make them buy specific goods. They do this by constantly exposing the people to the products through their repeated displayal on various mediums. Billboards and posters tail assembly be found on most highways, and in nearly all cities around the world. Consequently they push ideas at the consumer any time he/she travels on foot, by car, or even uses the public transport systems.

Flattery in Pride and Prejudice Essay example -- Pride and Prejudice

Flattery in Pride and Prejudice Since its composition in 1797, Jane Austins Pride and Prejudice has enjoyed two centuries of literary esteem not because of its witty dialogue or its tantalizing plot, but because of its universal themes that allow modern reviewers to divulge with early Victorian life. Although the novel focuses on the etiquette of courtship, related social rituals are also prevalent throughout the story. William Collins, a rector in Pride and Prejudice, uses undue flattery to persuade people to look upon him favorably. He even lavishly praises himself to enhance his self-esteem. While the sycophants peculiar behavior is comical at first glance, its tenseness in the story port hold ons a greater social meaning that is illuminated upon evaluation of his flattery with relevance to the plot. In Pride and Prejudice, Austin suggests through Collins mannerisms that unitary flatters others to en list their future support and one flatters oneself to ensure individual prosperity. Pertaining to others, Austin endows Collins with a motive of personal gain and later removes that objective, establishing a beefed-up correlation between flattery and selfish advantage. As the legal heir to the Bennet familys estate once its patriarch dies, Collins offers unwarranted praise along with his hand in marriage to one of the daughters. Apart from flattering the family to marry one of its girls, his profuse compliments also extend to his wealthy benefactress and also, of course, to himself. However, Collins compliments toward the family end after he fails to marry on... ...lattery whitethorn have academic influence, she allows Collins to smother praise on anything that might prove advantageous to his affluence, from which one may surmise that flattery contributes to personal prosperity in any form. This truth be comes readily apparent upon contrasting Collins behavior in situations wherein he may or may not have something to gain through flattery. Of course, this mundane reiteration about flattery must be particularly monotonous to a reader who has already demonstrated a profound grasp of literature by deftly maneuvering through and deliberating upon mistakes previous to this point, so it is for that intelligent and sophisticated reader that this composing ends abruptly. Work Cited Austin, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Norwalk The Easton Press, 1997.

Abandonment and Struggle on a Farm Essay -- Literary Analysis

Simplicity, especially in poetry, can be an often underrated and overlooked method of conveying a meaningful and extended message. Ted Kooser, an American poet and writer, is easily known for his simplistic style of writing and has been described as using an Honest, accessible measure (Ted Kooser The poetry Foundation). Kooser was born in Iowa and now resides in Nebraska. both(prenominal) Iowa and Nebraska are situated in the Midwestern United States, an area noted for its rural landscape and population. Koosers rural background and accessible verse are exceedingly evident in his poem Abandoned Farmhouse. The poem is as an observation of an abandoned farmhouse, it infers details about the house and the family that lived in it through inanimate objects as well as the condition of the house and surrounding farmland. Using figurative language devices such as simile, metaphor, and personification Kooser allows the reader to shine up their own conclusions. As well, Kooser allows the reader to fill in the gaps in his writing, however, he creates themes in this poem that are hard to ignore and thus they must be acknowledged. Themes of abandonment and a struggling family are prevalent in Abandoned Farmhouse and they help lend to the broader thematic purpose of the poem which looks to provide an insight on rural life, particularly the realities and hardships of living on a farm. Using the figurative tools mentioned previously, Kooser creates an image of an empty and neglected farmhouse and uses it as a symbolic representation for the hardships go through in farming and the strain it can put on a family. In the 1980s, many farmers in the Midwest were running out of business speedily and found that they could not stay in the agriculture indust... ...ation the narrator in Abandoned Farmhouse is able to tell the story of a struggling family on a farm while presenting the idea of abandonment, of the farm and of the family. The inferences made on characteristics of t he farm and inanimate objects scattered throughout it allow the narrator to conclude that something went wrong on the farm and with the family. The poem, and the observations made throughout it, is a representation of the difficulties faced in rural life and the strain that it can put on a family. The luckless ending suggested in the poem symbolizes the struggles that a farm can present and provides an insight into the realities of farm life. Works CitedCrisis in Agriculture. n.d. Website. 2 April 2012.Kooser, Ted. Abandoned Farmhouse. ENG 105B Poems for Essay 2. 2012.Ted Kooser The Poetry Foundation. 2010. Website. 2 April 2012.

Foreign Policy Essay

Tension between the need for a peace without victory and the nightm atomic number 18 of a mighty European super-state subject by ane major power formed a fundamental dynamic of heavy(a) inter reliablemalism with regard to the First World war. These contradictory, yet oddly complementary, principles and self- engagements necessitated the formation of the the Statesn Expeditionary hale (AEF). Ameri tail end politico- soldiers insurance policy in the Great War, as marked by presidential decision-making, was aimed at securing the mainly desirable peace while preventing a German victory. This combination of idealism and realism created the basis of Wilsonian foreign policy, and neither can be completely isolated from the other in explaining the Statesn involvement.Tradition all toldy, American defense and foreign policies were in agreement both were predicated on the Monroe Doctrine. They assumed separation from European politico-military commitments and concomitant activism in the Western Hemisphere. Ever as the nations decisive victory in the Spanish American War, Americans had considered they a great power whether or not the U.S. was renowned as such in Europe. By 1914, the U.S. was the worlds leading industrial power and provincial force, exactly a century of inertia kept the nations domain set firmly on isolation. At the same time, America was not usually regarded by the great powers of Europe as a member of the club. European politicians usually were ignorant of American affairs and not mainly interested in learning (Erald A. Combs, 1983).In the second place, the Spanish Republic was not a democratic Republic in our sagacity of the word democratic. (Walter Lafeber, 1993)In the get together States, violence is the last alternative of a small group of disgruntled citizens. In Spain, though, the volume believed in violence. The liberal minority which believed in Anglo-American or in French traditions was swept aside. But democracy should mean something more than majority rule. Democracy, if it is to have some(prenominal) moral force at all, should include the idea of civil rights and of protection of minorities. In Spain, the liberals who did believe in civil rights and in defense of minorities were forced from power. professorship Azaa, a liberal, went into a type of retirement from public life and despaired of the Republic he had helped to set up. Azaa wrote, With most Spaniards it is not enough that they themselves can bind and believe what they like. They be offended, they are outraged, and they rise in revoltif the same liberty is approved to anyone who thinks in a different way from them. Salvador de Madariaga, the great liberal philosopher and historian, agreed with President Azaa. Madariaga went into voluntary exile and refused to support either side in the Spanish Civil War. Other liberals lost their authority. Some were executed.Though supporters of oecumenic Franco have exaggerated the so-called Red Terror in Repub lican Spain, it is however a item thatonce the civil war had begunthe Republic was no longer competent or willing to guarantee freedom of speech, liberty of the press, freedom of religion, trial by jury. Throughout the Civil War, few Spaniards who dissented from g overnment policy have the liberties which you and I think of as a essential grapheme of a democratic society. When groups dissented from the Popular Front, they were ousted from the association establishment. When the groups were small enough, they were suppressedas was the pony P.O.U.M.In short, the Republic was not all its American backers thought it to be. And, as Communist influence improved in Spain, as the Communists wrested power from liberals and socialists, the Republic became continually less democratic.Winston Churchill stood apart from his own Conservative Party and destined Neville Chamberlains devastating policy of appeasement. Anthony Eden resigned his post as Foreign Minister because he could not in goo d conscience persist to serve that disastrous policy. The Labor Opposition troubled for a change in policy if not in government. The Department of State is not lawfully bound to follow the Foreign Offices lead. If Cordell withdraw and Franklin Roosevelt chose to tag on the British, it was their choice. Whatever Hull believed, Roosevelt believed the British were wrong. We cannot excuse him by blaming the British.In the second place, the isolationists role can be overstates or misunderstood. Yes, the isolationists called for the embargo. No, the isolationists did not demand that the embargo be maintained. Senator Nye, the most satisfying of the isolationists, introduced, on May 2, 1938, a decree to lift the embargo. He saw the consequences of the embargo and determined that it was intervention against the Republic and not impartiality at all. Charles Beard, another(prenominal) leader of isolationist opinion, cynically denounced the embargo as the overturn of neutrality.Edwin Borcha rd and William P. Lage, ii scholarly advocates of neutrality, Neutrality for the United States, that the embargo was erroneous This was thought to be neutrality legislation. In fact, it was the specific opposite. The embargo was a form of involvement against the recognized government of Spain. In short, the leaders of American isolationism changed their minds on the embargo. Had Roosevelt joined their effort to stock public opinion, had he used his office to urge repeal on Congress, had he daredas Henry Stimson suggestedlifting the embargo as part of executive prudence, the leaders of isolationism would have rallied to his side? He ignored the prospect. Nyes bill never left committee. (Akira Iriye, 1993)In international affairs the USA displays growing unilateralism. planetary using policies have been forced by the Washington consensus. The United States fails to sign on to major greening protocols. Until lately the USA was perennially in arrears in United Nations dues.On numero us occasions (such as Nicaragua and Panama) the USA has not followed international legal standards and it ignores the International Court if its decision goes against it. American policies put in to the lasting stalemate in the Middle East. Take any worldwide problem and the United States is both the main player and major bottleneck. It is a rational capitulum to ask whether this is exclusively if a matter of current US administrations or whether more reflective dynamics are at work.If we take seriously international problems and therefore also the requirement for global reform (such as the condition of global public goods and the regulation of international finance) and then turn to the question of policy-making implementation we obviously arrive at the door of the United States.Progressive social forces and international institutions the world over make proposals for global reform, whose list is monumental and growing, but without US cooperation they stand little prospect of being implemented. The world leader, then, turns out to be the global bottleneck and in this light American conditions and problems operate world problems.The difficulties are to evade mistaking American ideologies for realities, to avoid the trap of impressionism based on unawareness when everyone thinks they know the USA on account of its grownup cultural radius, and to be brief while the data are vast. The literature on America, the largest and foremost developed country, is vast and multimodal. This part of the treatment is meant as a prcis planned in brief vignettes. The second part probes the international consequences of American exceptionalism. This is less widely talked about and tucked within medical specialist literatures on international dealing and international political economy (including transnational enterprises, the Washington consensus and military affairs).Twinning the themes of American exceptionalism and global implications is the pioneering element in t his inquiry. The terrain is large, the literatures are wide-ranging and so this treatment is pointed, focusing on American exceptionalism and global ramifications. The closing section criticizes American exceptionalism as a self caricature and considers say-so counterpoints. (Gruber, L. 2000)The whole world must adopt the American system. The American system can endure in America only if it becomes a world system. Americans who cherished to bring the blessings of democracy, capitalism, and constancy to everyone meant just what they said the whole world, in their view, must be a reflection of the United States. in that respect is no contradiction that some(prenominal) features of American exceptionalism shape modern globalization yet developing this argument entails several hurdles. First, intrinsic in the notion of Americanization is an element of methodological populism. To which unit of digest does this apply to which America, whose America? The USA is the fourth largest cou ntry in the world in terms of population, quite varied, and local differences play a significant part. American corporations with decentralized headquarters and offshore tax reporting cannot be merely identified with the United States either.Besides, international flows do not run just one way but in multiple unmediatedions there are also trends of Europeanization, Asianization and Latinization of America, sparingally and culturally (regarding foreign ownership, management style, consumption patterns). Transnational Diasporas have been ever-changing the character of America all along and this bricolage character is part of its make-up. What then is the actual unit at issue?Is it a set of organizing principles that remain constant over time, as Lipset would have it, or, at another extreme, is America a site, a place of transnational synthesis and bricolage? Since waves and layers of Diasporas, from the Irish to the Latino, have been shaping America it is not feasible simply to ref er back to the founding fathers in order to identify American fundamentals. It would not be productive either to remold the dfi Amricain type of argument that would place the argument in a setting of national comparisons and competitiveness, la Michael Porter. This national focus is in part overtaken by the dynamics of stepped up globalization and is not appropriate to an analysis of the relationship between AE and globalization. (Duclos, D. 1998)A second problem is to put up diachronic variation in US government, or the association between structure and politics. AE does not quite match the definite profile of US administrations and is not fundamentally intrinsic to American politics to argue otherwise would be to essentialism American politics. Wilsonian internationalism was also element of US foreign policy and American contributions to world order comprise the establishment of the UN and Bretton Woods system, the Marshall Plan, support for European union, and policies in fav or of human rights and democracy. While these contributions are under difference they show that there is greater disparity to American foreign policy than just the profile of the past decades.As the emphasis here is on American policies in relation to modern globalization this serves as a note of caution. In the latter days of the Clinton administration there were several changes in the run into (mitigation of the embargo on Cuba, settlement of arrears in UN dues), some of which, such as US endorsement of the permanent International Criminal Court, were upturned by the succeeding(prenominal) administration. In recent years much discussion on Americanization has focused on cultural dynamics, or what Nye calls soft power the responsibility of media, popular acculturation and transnational consumerism, examined in cultural studies.It is also another type of populism for it is rarely effectively correlated with other dimensions of American influence economic, financial, internation al and military. This lack of wording between soft and hard power is problematic. The question of AE and globalization differs from the conformist cultural imperialism thesis. Overall American impact is to a considerable extent a matter of what Galtung (1971) called structural imperialism shaping other societies through structural leverage rather than just through direct political involvement.This includes but goes beyond popular culture, the cultural industries and the familiar litanies of Coca-colonization, McDonaldization, Disneyfication, Barbie culture and American media conglomerates. as these are extravagantly-visibility and receive irresistible attention, the more significant impact of AE perhaps concerns economic policies and international politics and security. These too are cultural, but covertly rather than obviously so and less visible in everyday life. They concern not just relations among advanced countries but relations across education ascents that affect the majo rity world. It may assist to differentiate several levels of analysisStructural dynamics. This comprises scientific and technological changes forged by and exported from the USA. Eventually, however, these symbolize an inter-civilizational heritage.Fundamental dynamics which are universal to industrialized countries. Here the leading package offered by the country that founds these trends affects all yet these dynamics are not essentially peculiar to that country. This brings us to the junction thesis of modernization theory according to which industrial societies would finally converge. In this category belong trends such as mass production, mass utilization, mass media, car culture, and suburbanization and information technology that is, they are not American per se but since the USA was the first comer they take an American gloss.American corporations and cultural industries request to draw monopoly rents from their provisional lead by means fair or foul. This is a general busine ss practice with ample pattern in history. The British destroyed the Indian textile manufactures and trade and sabotaged incipient industrial enterprise in Egypt, Persia and the Ottoman Empire.During international leverage (international financial institutions and the WTO) and regional arrangements the US government seeks to combine its lead and institutionalize the benefit of its multinational corporations.It follows that the center questions of global Americanization are the last two points drawing monopoly rents and their institutionalization through superpower leverage.That the line between domestic and international politics is distorting is a familiar point in international relations literature. Often the importance falls on the international influencing the domestic. A major US export has been its brand of capitalism, as in Taylorism, Fordism, high mass-consumption, free trade, and American company and business practices.Another major policy take on by western countries is a war on act of terrorism that is not a foreign policy it is an goal of a foreign policy. Westerns world way must reach beyond the abuse of terrorism. We should offer an inclusive vision of hope and affluence for all nations, and thinking the interests of our friends and allies, as sanitary as those peoples around the world who need to be our friends and address in our exposure. Beliefs, standards, values, and prospect are all part of a foreign policy, but they are not foreign policy. They are enriching blocks of foreign policy.It has become a maxim to state that September 11, 2001 changed everything as well as that nothing will ever be the same again. In fact, little has changed in the imperialist tendencies of American foreign policy since the founding of the United States of America in 1789.The war on terrorism possesses features that influence west to operate in direct confrontation of accepted norms of international law, and to overlook the deficiencies and the crimes of its cobelligerents. The new war is a messianic, apocalyptic struggle of blameless good against consummate evil. Its motivation is not the real world with its shades of gray (and indeed, relevant histories and grievances), but the type of struggles that used to play out in the cowboy movies. Little reveal is made of the fact that the primary confrontation is religious, in fact intensely so at times to the point of prejudice, bigotry, and terror, and not atheist as the previous enemy was. There is no need to attempt to understand that this new enemy regards Israel as a state that practices state terrorism and that by supplying military and economic aid, Washington is an accomplice.Or to try to understand that this enemy believes that Washington should cut off this aid and declare war on state terrorists as well as private ones. Those on our side are seen as being good, or at least infinitely better than the enemy. It is a war of no negotiations with the enemy, no summit meetings, no com promise, and surely no need to modify policies to accommodate the feelings and the policies of the enemy, or examine any just accusations that the enemy might by chance have. The enemys soldiers will not be given prisoner of war status and will be tried in special military courts (New York Times, May 26, 2003).Similar to the enemies of the Cold War, the enemy in the new war is depicted as sinister, cunning and underhanded. This timeand it is no irrelevant differencethe enemy actually struck mainland west on September 11 and before, and is expected to strike again. The fear is that the enemy will develop and use weapons of mass last against us atomic weapons, or more probable, radiological dispersion devices, also called dirty bombs (conventional bombs to which radioactive material has been added). The result would be the spread of radioactivity over a large area. But we are advised that we must not panic. Just be careful and vigilant.This war too, America advises us openly and in advance, is a war of global proportions. It is an open-ended war with the world as its arena. The enemy assumes two general forms. One part is visible, above ground, represented by evil governments and reminiscent of the old Soviet bloc. So far only four of the enemy governments in the new war have been identifiedthe motive governments in Afghanistan and Iraq, and two remain axis of evil governments in Iran and North Korea.The other enemy component is invisible, consisting, we are told, of cells in some 50 or 60 typically unnamed countries. These are not the cells of the communist party, but the underground organizations of what Washington chooses to call terrorists (New York Times, October 24, 2002). Whatever its form, whether bearing the legality of government or existing underground, the enemy should be destroyed. To do this, we must sometimes act alone, unilaterally. Other times we can act with our allies.America attacked the Afghan government only three weeks after the 9/11 tr agedy. It therefore demonstrated that it was determined to protect the nation against terrorism, to fight the war against terrorism, not only by jurisprudence measuresinterpreting the determination to protect the nation as actions taken on to constrain and apprehend criminals but also by actually waging war against governments (Douglas Kellner, 2003). This, notwithstanding the fact that former approach is recognized as the most promising way a government can use to guard its citizens against terrorism if that government is interested in peace.Such an approach entails the kind of police measures actually adopted by Washington and other governments such as anti-terrorist measures affecting airplanes and airports, as well as foreign policy measures such as pulling troops out of Saudi Arabia, and threatening to lessen aid to Israel. The use of war, however, increases the pervert to the victim country and the innocent parties therein. This increases the moral quandary posed by just wa r theory, as well as increasing the hatred that can consequence against the perceived aggressor, as has been demonstrated in the recent war against Iraq (Frederick H. Gareau 2004).Thus like the war on terrorism, non-proliferation leadership desires global cooperation and coalitions. The two might combine such as while states both proliferate and sponsor terrorism-but their intimidation, and the techniques for dealing with them, are varied.Proliferation is provoked by customary state interests geography and security and maybe not terror, and consequently might require a varied set of policy responses. The approaches to proliferation will diverge in Iraq, North Korea, and South Asia. The war on terrorism rubric offers neither explanation nor path concerning our non-proliferation policy options. That said, if a propagating state sponsors terrorism, or has relations with terrorists disparate to the United States, then these two areas of center converge. And our tools to agreement with b oth threats must be directly focused on those states (New York Times, December 10, 2002).It is unsure that we shell a feasible intimidation of a large-scale nuclear harass from another main nuclear power. The further real threat is now the development and deliverability of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons by terrorist associations and the states which support them. The Bush Administration has mapped a new path in association with Russia by moving to lessen nuclear munitions to usually low numbers and engaging former opponent on controlling the expand of nuclear technology. Nunn-Lugar non-proliferation programs have institutionalized a racy helpful association unswerving to the reduction and power of nuclear or double use materials.But we should be careful not to be lulled into a counterfeit sense of security with this new Russian-American agreement. The truth is that this new agreement which represents progress does not comprise the mainly dangerous nuclear threat that w e chill out must deal with, and that is strategic nuclear weapons. Short-range nuclear missiles and bombs are left out of this agreement.Thus, The basic challenges for western countries foreign policy today are much as they have been in the past to safe our interests and support our ideals in an deficient and precarious world. And to do it through leading coalitions of common interest. speechAkira Iriye, The Globalizlng Of America, 1913-1945, At 34-35 (1993)Andrani, G. (19992000), The Disarray of US Non-proliferation policy, Survival 41(4) 4261.Douglas Kellner, From 9/11 to Terror War the Dangers of the Bush Legacy. Lanham. Rowman and Littlefield, 2003, p. 263.Duclos, D. (1998), The Werewolf Complex Americas Fascination with Violence. Oxford Berg.Erald A. Combs, American Diplomatic History Two Centuries Of Changing Interpretations 56-61 (1983)Frederick H. Gareau State Terrorism and the United States From Counterinsurgency to the War on Terrorism, Clarity Press, 2004Frederickson, K ari (2001), The Dixiecrat sedition and the End of the Solid South, 19321968. Chapel Hill, NC University of North Carolina Press.Friedman, T.L. (2000), The Lexus and the Olive Tree Understanding Globalization. New York Anchor Books, 2nd edn.Gruber, L. (2000), Ruling the World Power Politics and the raising of Supranational Institutions. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press.Guyatt, N. (2000), Another American Century? The United States and the World After 2000. London Zed Books.Hallinan, J.T. (2001), Going Up the River Travels in a prison Nation. New York Random House.Huntington, S.P. (1999), The Lonely Superpower, Foreign Affairs 78(2) 3549.Kaul, I., I. Grunberg and M.A. Stern (eds) (1999), Global Public Goods International Cooperation in the 21st Century. New York Oxford University Press.Keohane, R.O., and H.V. Milner (eds) (1996), International and Domestic Politics. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Kirkendall, R.S. (1980), A Global Power America since the Age of Rooseve lt. New York Knopf, 2nd edn.New York Times, May 26, 2003, p. A18New York Times, October 24, 2002, p. A1Walter Lafeber, The American Age U.S. Foreign Policy At Home And Abroad, 1750 To The Present 614-18 (1994).Walter Lafeber, The American Search For Opportunity, 1865-1913, At 180 (1993)William G. Howell, Power Without Persuasion The Politics Of Direct Presidential Action 24-54 (2003)William Stueck, Rethinking The Korean War A New Diplomatic

Performance of Cardboard Carton Forms

PERFORMANCE OF CARDBOARD CARTON FORMS Abstract Cardboard carton forms ( repress strokees) are parking arealy apply to form the void space mingled with the so-and-so of grade beams and slabs everyplace loquacious obscenitys. However, other than laboratory compression visitations and 100% humidity tests, there is little documentation for the actual performance of these boxes in place. This paper summarizes field tests done in an attempt to simulate actual conditions to answer the following questions Do the boxes deteriorate at an acceptable rate? Does the develop coating or impregnation and a polyethylene vapor barrier affect stultification? Will the boxes fail at a lower place heave conditions? Are trapezoidal boxes appropriate and do they perform in an acceptable manner? Which type of boxes are appropriate in each piazza? What are some of the look considerations essential to insure proper function of the boxes? Two configurations of boxes were used plumb Cell and colored Type II. Initial campaign 1 procedure It was initi totallyy decided to pour a test slab all all over 4 sets of void boxes. separately box was 4 ft x 4ft x 8 in deep. cover was poured on sack up and all around each box to simulate actual conditions. Four 1 ft x 1 ft steel forms were placed on top of each box for the purpose of loading each box at different intervals to determine if they had deteriorated. All boxes for the first test were vertical prison cell. Each box was placed with different conditions vacant box with no poly anywhere Void box with poly wrapped all around Void box with poly on top only Void box with poly on bottom only Test set up with boxes and loading fly off the handles Placing concrete over boxes.The procedure was to pour the concrete and test the capacity of the boxes once a week to determine the rate of deterioration. Description of results Week 1 Each box was loaded with 200 psf and no deflection was observed Week 2 Each box was loaded with 400 psf with no deflection Week 3 Each box was loaded with 400 psf with no deflection. The box with poly on bottom was flooded with irrigate to accelerate deterioration Week 4 Each box was loaded with 400 psf. The box that had been flooded with water had 3/8 deflection.All the other boxes had no deflection Week 5 The test pad on the boxes with no poly and the one with poly on bottom were removed to view the boxes. It was discovered that the top of the cardboard had stuck to the concrete causing the cardboard to span crossways the opening thus giving erroneous information. Both of the boxes appeared to have significant strength but were destroyed in the removal process and could non be tested. Week 6 The two remaining boxes, the one with poly all around and the one with poly on top had the concrete removed to expose the boxes.The boxes were tested with over 400 psf and still had plenty of capacity with little deterioration. The box with poly wrapped all around had a litt le water in the box, maybe a cupful, but this did non deteriorate the box. The source of the water is unknown, possibly from when the adjacent box was flooded with water. III. Test 2 Procedure 1. Two vertical cell boxes with no wax were conceal in lynchpin and uncovered after one week to view the rate of deterioration The boxes and loaded with a 50 pound weight and they immediately. 2.A Vertical Cells beam box with wax and a Diagonal Type Beam Box with wax were buried in sand for one week. The buried boxes were tested by standing on them, there was nominal deflection which indicates the wax has a definite impact on the deterioration rate. 3. Two vertical boxes with wax were buried in sand for tether weeks. One was completely covered in poly and the other had no poly. Both boxes showed no appreciable deterioration after three weeks. Since the boxes with no wax failed after one week under the same conditions, it is assumed that the wax and the poly significantly dim deterioratio n.IV. Test 3 Procedure Two boxes, one diagonal type box and one vertical cells were wrapped in poly with a cup of water added to simulate a 100% humidity condition. The next day, the vertical box collapsed immediately. The Diagonal box did not collapse Two boxes with no wax were buried in sand Box after one week sitting 50 pound block in middle except on the sides. A box with a capacity of only 200 psf was tested and failed with normal wind loads and therefore, considered not acceptable. V. Summary of Observations From Tests 1-3 1. Testing the boxes from the top gives unsatisfactory results. . The bottom of the boxes deteriorate first and destroys the glue between the verticals and the bottom on the Vertical boxes. 3. Covering the bottom of the boxes with poly (the top of the sub-grade) slows down or stops the deterioration of the boxes. 4. thither is not enough moisture coming out of the slab to deteriorate the boxes. 5. The Diagonal boxes are very weak on the sides and very stro ng in the middle. 6. The Diagonal boxes deteriorate slower because of the wax impregnation. 7. Boxes with no wax seem to deteriorate at an acceptable rate. 8.Covering the entire box with poly stopped any deterioration. VI. Initial Conclusions 1. Boxes should be tested from the bottom, not the top. Since expansive soil heaves, the boxes should be tested from the bottom. The initial deterioration is on the bottom and therefore, the box is weaker when loaded from the bottom. 2. Boxes under the slab should be constructed with no wax if possible. 3. Diagonal Type boxes which are wax impregnated and have strong vertical and diagonal members deteriorate much slower and they possibly stay excessively strong under slabs. . New tests were devised using waterbeds to load the void boxes from the bottom. Refer to the description of waterbed tests. VII. Test 4 Water Bed Test It was determined by the initial testing procedure that the void boxes need to be tested in place from the bottom. A 25 ft x 37 ft test slab was built with one of the purposes to test the void boxes and another purpose was to test analytical methods of designing flat slabs for houses. Five waterbeds were placed below the sub-grade under the void boxes. One was queen size and four were twin size. ternary of the waterbeds had Vertical Boxes with no wax on top of them, one had fully wax Vertical beam boxes and one had a Diagonal slab box. The purpose of using the waterbeds was an attempt to simulate actual heaving of soil and to test an in place situation on an actual project. The waterbed was buried in the subgrade while constructing the slab. afterward a period of time, the waterbeds were filled to see if the void boxes collapse or if pressure is exerted on the slab indicating full capacity boxes without deterioration. Steel rods were welded to plates which rested on top of the sub-grade above the waterbed.This rod was sleeved through the slab with pvc pipe. The purpose of these indicator rods was that when the waterbed filled up, if the top of the rod raised up besides, the void boxes collapsed. VIII. Results The Water Bed Test Three weeks after the slab was poured, the waterbeds were filled. All five waterbed indicators rose quickly and to a maximum height of 7 inches. The void boxes were 8 inches deep at these points, therefore, the boxes were fully collapsed. No deflection or distress was observed in the slab therefore, the test was successful. Three of the test were done with a subgrade that had ? nch rain on it the night before placing the concrete. The waxed boxes were placed in a very dry, sandy subgrade in over 100 degree weather, trying to simulate the driest of conditions. Observation holes which were 4 inch in diameter were located to monitor the deterioration of the void boxes. It was observed that for roughly two weeks after the slab was poured, the humidity was very high in the void space with a great deal of heat generated. Slab indicators showing the heaving o f the soil and therefore the failure of the boxes IX. Conclusions From Water Bed Tests 1.After three weeks all boxes had lost enough strength to protect the slab from pressure. 2. After three weeks, even boxes which are waxed will fail adequately. All boxes tested were of the vertical cell type. 3. This test was very successful and the use of waterbeds is an excellent method to test void boxes. X. Test 5 Effect of Integral Retainers and Earth Forming As published in the Fall, 1997 Proceedings of the Texas Section of The American Society of Civil Engineers, Mr. Robert Davis, P. E. tested trapezoidal void boxes to determine if they fail under construction loads.His conclusion was that trapezoidal boxes of the diagonal type fail when used under a grade beam. We have also seen this in the field and agree with the findings. However, some engineers still use the underlying concrete retainers. This test was to determine if earth formed grade beams with trapezoidal boxes and the integral c oncrete retainers are appropriate. A testing apparatus was constructed to test different box and retainer configurations. The test was constructed to push up from the bottom with highly expansive fat clays below the simulated grade beam.Hydraulic jacks were used under the expansive soil to simulate the heaving of expansive soil. A weight equivalent weight to 200 psf was applied to the grade beam. The friction of the soil plus the bearing on the end of the concrete retainer caused the box to freely move upward. XI. bulge Experience-Performance of Boxes under Grade Beams About the time of our tests, a construction project was completed using diagonal type beam boxes under formed concrete beams. Approximately 1000 feet of grade beams were set up in dry weather and normal conditions. The concrete was placed at inch slump and vibrated. After the forms were removed, it was discovered that approximately 20 percent of the void boxes failed. The contractor was instructed to chip off all exc ess concrete that invaded the void space which took approximately three days to accomplish. The next 1000 feet of grade beams were set up using vertical cell boxes under the same conditions with the same contractor. No boxes failed on this indorse pour. View of failed boxes XII. Suggested Procedure for Filling Gaps The weakest point of failure for void boxes is on the ends and especially at the intersection with piers.After experimenting with several methods, I have found that common expandable foam as found in hardware stores works excellent in filling gaps and providing a tight form during construction. I inspire all gaps and holes between boxes and at the intersection with piers be filled with this foam. The cost is nominal for a typical project. Expandable Foam used to fill gaps XIII. concluding Conclusions and Recommendations 1. All boxes must have moisture in order to deteriorate properly. Therefore, the boxes should not be completely wrapped in poly which is a common patte rn of contractors. . The moisture from the subgrade plus the hydration of the concrete appear to provide adequate deterioration of the boxes. The void boxes appear to fail from the bottom to the top. 3. A moisture barrier (polyethylene) should not be used below the boxes because it does not allow deterioration from the subgrade below. 4. A moisture barrier (poly) on top of the boxes may affect the hydration of the concrete and therefore the humidity in the void space. This barrier also increases the probability of excessive shrinkage cracks and therefore should not be used for that reason.The question of if this barrier is necessary to prevent moisture migration through the slab and thus affect any floor covering is not a subject of this paper. However, this author has not encountered this problem and therefore, does not recommend placing a vapor barrier on top of the boxes. 5. A layer of ? inch thick masonite should be used on top of all boxes under a slab area. This distributes th e concentrated loads due to the rebar bolsters and construction loads. It is our experience that the cardboard cover sheets supplied by the box manufacturers are not adequate for the construction loads.Masonite of less thickness will curl and is not recommended. Plywood or OSB board is not recommended because of termites. 6. Trapezoidal boxes should not be used because the concrete retainers imparting forces from the expanding soil to the concrete beam above. There is also evidence that these boxes fail during construction if they are of the diagonal cell configuration. 7. Expandable foam should be used to fill all gaps between boxes and at pier locations. REFERENCE www. foundationperformance. org AUTHOR NAME _ DAVID K. ISBELL, P. E.

Pirandello and Reality TV: When Fine Lines Get Blurred Essay

IntroductionPirandellos put-on Six Char impressers in Search of an indite broke ground by challenging our perceptions of what is solid and not. In the play, the invisible barriersetting apart the actors from their playis torn down as characters otherwise trapped within the confines of text from a novel or short story emerge into real life, and burst through in the core of a rehearsal of actors to give themselves life. The roles are reversed and the actors become the prop by which the characters criticize stage-life, the propellants of a story, and even the questions of humanitys existence.His play is most noteworthy, however, by being ahead of its time the act by which the characters, in need of being given life in any form, act fall out the very nature of their lives would be reminiscent of the trend of Reality Television today. In fact, the plays criticisms about the formula of the dramatic art reflect in the present time. The plays characters from the prop-actors to the characters-in-need-of-a-medium, represent the different aspects of Reality Television.How accurate was Pirandellos play in predicting this trend? What were his criticisms of it, and how practically did it hit its mark? What then was the plays sentiment towards Life soak upd to play Art? This essay will explore this through the evolution of the play itself, from the characterization, to the advancement of the themes, and will conclude through the medium of a finished product. conclusion a CastThe Six Characters in the playwrights story that force themselves on a hapless Manager represent various individuals with their respective prejudices, ideas, and reactions towards their need for public expression. They also represent the different the great unwashed, who are forced upon the klieg lights, particularly under the constant glare of the cameras of Reality Television.The two of the aggressive characters are of the Father and the Stepdaughter. Pirandello depicts the Father as whi z who has volunteered to depict his role as truthfully as he can, in order to redeem himself before the eyes of his family, and hopefully smother the guilt, which had been buried in him for some time. The playwright focused much on this character, using him as instrument to question the truths of Mans existence, his prejudices in life and as mouthpiece for the criticism of the artificialness of the theater. He is out to pose a version of his life that would be acceptable and palatable to his audience, as well as his family.Unwittingly, though, the Father also represents characters in Reality programs such as Big Brother who volunteer to be part of the show to project a positive image of themselves, by acting out what they see themselves as who they are, and through helpful confession booths where they try to explain their thoughts and feelings to the camera. Pirandello used the Father to explain that persons cod their subjective interpretations of the world, which is just as much prejudiced as the person observing them. This subjective depiction of oneself is magnified through the confession booths of reality television.The Stepdaughter is caught in the trauma of a moment and would like nothing else to uphold that moment of outrage as a form of punishment for her father. She is the most vitriolic critic among the characters of the stage, and the playwright used her as an instrument to attack the formulae that the theatre and plays use to depict truer reality. Her agenda, of course, is less than noble. Her character represents those individuals who are forever caught within a traumatic moment that they painfully perpetuate to punish those closedown to them. This has also been absorbed by reality television in the form of show such as Temptation Island, where situations are force upon people in order to vindicate distrust or even contempt.The Mother, the Son, and the two children are the passive characters who, in one way or another, would rather not be part of the play. They are, however, trapped to play their part for one reason or another. The most active of these, the mother and son, represent those who are resistant to their parts, and virulently foreign to it, nevertheless tied to it for one reason or another. In Reality Television, a program My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiancee, forced an individual to fudge a wedding and coerce her family to acceding to it.The most tragic of these characters, however, are the children who are silent throughout the general duration of the play provided to act the final and central sequence of it through their parts. These are the persons who are unwittingly trapped in a situation that they would rather have not entered, had they known. Thus, Joe Schmoe and Joe Schmoe 2 have people who are not aware that they are in fact in a reality show centered on how they were being fooled.Finding a ThemeThe Stepdaughter bitterly criticized that the actors trying to portray them are too unnatural in acting out h er familys characters. Indeed, she pointed out that there were unadorned differences in a scene with her father, which she acted with him, and the same scene, which the actors tried to portray. The Father later explained that actors have already begun to act them not in their true form but in a prejudiced idea of what they have observed of the characters or the scene. This is true enough of media today trying to interpret an event or people by projecting them in a way that explains how they saw the event, rather than how it really was.In the Reality show The Osbournes or Growing Up Gotti for example, the scenes were edit to focus more on the heated moments where the family are caught heaping curses, invectives, or insults at each other, when these are in fact merely isolated instances of it. The Manager in the play explains that this is only to make the fact truer, and more believable. Indeed, the most dramatic moments of a reality show are the ones that are given most airtime, an d are edited to make it, as the Stepdaughter protested, a romantic drama rather than what it really was.The plays Manager in one scene explained to the Stepdaughter that a character could not be overemphasized to overshadow another character. Indeed, that was what both the Father and the Stepdaughter were trying to do. The inexistence of an actual central character (only a consistent plot and theme) in the play mirrors how some reality shows do not focus on a central character but let the show work out according to how the characters interact amongst themselves. Survivor and Big Brother are such programs.Conclusion Unintended ConsequencesThe Manager in the play was caught up in the possibilities of pastime of using the dynamics of a familys life, while his acting ensemble watched on. Faithful through every scene, the tragedies of the characters are indeed perpetuated right to the end (at least, to how distant the writer wrote), and it is at this end that the Manager realizes and b ewails to what fate it has turned to. For such is the danger of trying to stage a play based on dynamic characters and true life.It is only the dynamism of the charactersand their respective prejudicesthat sets them apart from the static of a written play. Like the Manager in Six Characters, this dynamism can sometimes go out of control and individuals will clash, so a balance is made as to what is aired and what is not. The true form then, becomes compromised, and prejudiced to what is perceived. It is entertaining to the audience, as they have a sense of it being an illusion (an illusion of reality, as one character described it), but as the Father adamantly explains, it is real to them.The reality show Temptation Island once seemed to appeal to the audience as a sort-of drama that is often seen in the movies about the test of love. Reality bursts in, however, when one of the contestants, who just saw her husband flirting with one of the girls from a separate island, was actually pregnant with their child. With the real prospects of having to break up a family, these candidates are offered an confession and immediately whisked away, and off the program. It was not an illusion to them it was real life.Pirandellos critique is clear having to stage reality before the audience is only entertainment only as far as they feel detached from it. Within the glare of the cameras, however, lives are destroyed and perpetuated in edited moments that twist the very nature of it. working CITEDPirandello, L. (1921). Six Characters in Search of an Author. In A. Caputi (Ed.), Eight Modern Plays. New York W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1991.

A central issue in Victorian novels Essay

Discuss the role and expectations of women in Middlemarch In Middlemarch Eliot demonstrates what she believes is an incongruity in Victorian society. She uses a range of young-bearing(prenominal) characters as both good and bad examples as to their fulfilment of differing expectations, and the roles they play in their interaction with others. The role that a character plays is a manifestation of expectation, and it depends on whose expectation this is that defines their place in society.The characters that most adapt their role to fit with the opinions of a majority often traveling bag more prestige within the tike society. However Eliots message is clear when we see that those who follow the expectations of a minority, and in particular those who follow their own path, end up happy by the close of the novel, even if the role which they assume is essentially an orthodox one. Victorian patriarchy gives the most inclination to expect to the male characters of the novel. Individuals such as Mr.Brooke hold very rigid, sincere views as to the proper conduct and position of women he and the bulk of the male province believe in a lightness closely the feminine mind, and that they are too flighty to comprehend the same breadth of information as a male. He expects women to be an adornment, being commensurate to play you or sing you a good old English tune rather than ache acquaintance of classics, mathematics and that kind of thing. He requires women to have the simple function of a light entertainer, never having need of an opinion because subjects that would require one are too taxing.Eliot is being highly ironic in depicting Brooke in this way, highlighting his want of a woman being able to perform tricks, like a complex dog, as ridiculous, and even more so in its acceptance among his friends. It is soon obvious that his friends agree with him so because they are of similar thinking. The opening of the novel depicts a repast at which both Sir James Chettam and Mr. Casaubon are guests of his, and they both seem to be similarly inclined as far as their expectations of women, although perhaps more in deed than in word.Sir James displays outrageous naivety towards women with sweeping statements such as ladies usually are fond of Maltese dogs. Eliot is presenting him with such irony that he is made to look extremely misguided in such a channelled view that most ladies are fond of roughlything so specific as a Maltese dog. His over-simplistic thinking is coupled with an expectation of material love in women, which is obviously incorrect considering that he offers the dog as a gift to Dorothea who regards it as parasitic.Chettam errs in expecting Dorothea to love him for the excellent human dough that he has received through birth. He has more emphasis on the quality of his prox bride as a trophy rather than a lover, weighing in his mind whether it would be better to marry Dorothea or Celia, her sister, and concludes that Dorothea is in all value superior. He expects women to share this unaffected, showy attitude towards love in assuming that he is capable of marrying either of the sisters, and that they naturally would coincide with his desire.He is hence hurt when he learns that he was not an object of preference to the woman he had preferred, and we see that Dorothea is more unorthodox in her role in denying the amiable, handsome baronet her courtship. Celia, however, is more accommodating to Chettam, and when she eventually marries him she assumes the role of a great pet. Her position of subordinance is also one of pampering she has been socially noble by marrying a wealthy aristocratic knight, and her attitude that women should aim for a status like her own is made clear when she scalds Dorothea that she could think marrying Mr.Ladislaw, who has got no realm or anything. The intentions of Sir James and the theories of Brooke are disappoint in Dorothea because the preordained role that she has designated herse lf is one of intellectual expansion and assistance, in order that she may make disembodied spirit pleasing. She has not the same tastes as every young lady, believing it her destiny to marry someone scholarly and great.She ruminates early in the novel how she would have accepted Milton, so that she could aid him in his studies once his blindness had come on, and also the judicious Hooker, so that she could save him from that wretched shift he made in matrimony in both of these cases she would consider such a union a glorious piety. She considers her role as being in harmonious union with an intellectual who is destined for great works a man whos physical weaknesses she could accommodate for, whilst she could gain some scholar through matrimonial instruction.Although her topic of a really delightful marriage is not necessarily unorthodox inasmuch as she is prepared for a life of subservience under someone she genuinely believes to be superior to herself, it is Dorotheas criteria concerning the nature of her partner distinguishes her from other characters such as Celia or Rosamond Vincy she desires an element of a sort of father in her husband, which is why she rejects the offer of marriage from Sir James, who could never affect her as a husband.Marriage to Edward Casaubon fulfils her preconception of her future role, regarding his knowledge as a lake correspondd to her little pool. This may have been the case had Mr. Casaubon had similar expectations for her as his wife. Having been looking forward to higher initiation in ideas, she is disappointed when Casaubon considers her a hindrance rather than an aid. He expects her to be more of a background secretary, doing his bidding whenever he so wishes.Even during the courtship when Dorothea asks whether she should prepare herself to be more useful and learn to read Latin or Greek, to aid him in his study, he discourages her from taking such an active role in their marriage by fearing that it might be wearisom e to her. On their honeymoon disaster transpires when Casaubon has an outburst in which he demands that Dorothea stay out of his scholarly affairs, because the align subject matter lies entirely beyond her reach.So Dorotheas role and Casaubons expectations regarding their marriage contradict, and this ultimately brings active their downfall. Perhaps Dorotheas idea of matrimonial role would have clashed with the majority of the Middlemarch denizens. This certainly appears to be the case at one of Brookes functions at Tipton Grange when various men discuss her and compare her with Rosamond Vincy. Their expectation of an element of ostentation in women is shown when Mr. Chichely concludes that Dorothea is does not lay herself out enough to please them, and that there should be a little filigree about a woman.This conception of the ideal young woman seems to exhibit itself in Rosamond, whom Chichely would choose above both Dorothea and Celia. Rosamond considers her destined role as a married woman, and, similarly to Celia, pursues elevation in that middle-class heaven, rank. She sees marriage to Tertius Lydgate as desirable because of his certain air of distinction congruous with good family with which she is impressed. She also feels that he has prospects of leaving Middlemarch, which would fit her preferred role perfectly as it would sever connections with her lowborn mother.

Americans with Disabilities Act 1

Americans with Disabilities answer The Americans with Disabilities Act Overview of the adenosine deaminase of 1990 including its intended purpose, and what govern affable agency oversees ADA claims The Americans with Dis top executive Act (ADA) of 1990 was enacted by the unite States Congress, signed into faithfulness by George H. W. Bush on July 26, 1990, and amended in 2009 where some changes were introduced to the act. ADA is a civil honorables law that was intended to check against variety that can be encountered by alter persons in the course of narking certain services or taking part in day-to-day activities.It safeguards disabled persons against some(prenominal) form of deviate or prejudice with respect to their condition. Whatever falls under category of disability is normally made on brass-to-case basis. However, current substance abuse and opthalmic terminals that can be remedied by lenses argon not considered as disabilities by the ADA of 1990. The law was ini tially intended to guarantee civil right protection for people who were permanently disabled and their disabilities could not be reversed or weakened.The law was enacted enable disable persons access services enjoyed by persons who are not disabled thereby opening their horizons to all types of careers. The drafters wanted the law to be flexible to guard against eminent weakening by future case laws. To enable disabled persons enjoy equal rights with everyone else, President G. W. Bush signed ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA) into law on September 2008 (Matt, 1). Title I of the ADA 1990 deals with consumption. It empowers people with disability with requisite qualifications to seek for employment in covered entities.People with disabilities can be hired, discharged, compensated, and trained just like every separate run lower without being discriminated. Agencies that are covered by the law include an employment agencies, labor organizations, and labor management committees. As per Title I, discrimination incriminates constricting job application in a manner contrary to convention, observeing qualified persons people from applying or taking up job opportunities, or making blind and illegal job requirements to limit persons with disabilities.If entrance medical examinations have to be done, everybody else should be subjected to the process and the medical records must be treated with a ken of confidentiality. This title does not offer protection to individuals soon engaged in illegal use of drugs (Matt, 1). Title II of the Act deals with Public entities. This title prohibits any form of discrimination that can be met on the people with disability by unrestricted entities at local and state levels. Access here implies twain physical and pragmatic access.It is supposed to check against discriminatory policies instituted by such public entities. It applies to public transportation that public entities offer (Matt, 1). Title III captures public accommodation and commercial facilities. The title criminalizes discrimination based on disability with special focus on full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, or accommodations of any public accommodation by the proprietors, leasers, or operators. Public accommodation here means recreational facilities, lodgings, transportation, educational, and places of public displays.Under this title, all new constructions have to combine with Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines anchored in the Code of Federal Regulations. This title also applies to existing facilities. Exemptions to the regulation provided in the title include private clubs and religious organizations. However, diachronic properties and other public and private buildings must comply with the provisions of this title and failure may lead to legal proceedings.However, if following usual standards threaten to annul historical significance of the feature of the building, they are under obligation to us e other standards (Matt, 2). Title IV of the ADA deals with telecommunications. This title amended the Communications Act of 1934. All telecommunication companies are required to cater for the needs of the disabled especially the deaf and those with speech impairment (Matt, 3). Title V of ADA deals with various provisions that are basically technical provisions. It also includes anti-retaliation or coercion provisions.Many government agencies act in concert to ensure that the ADA of 1990 is implemented. The United States Equal Employment Opportunity boot presides over employment related ADA provisions. The division of Transportation regulates statutes related transportation. Other agencies include United States Department of Agriculture, Department of labor, Department of Education, United States Department of Interior, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, United States Department of Health and Human Services, and Federal Communications Commission (Matt, 4). Statutory rendering of disability and reasonable accommodation under the ADA of 1990 The ADA Act of 1990 defines disability as an impairment that substantially limits major emotional state activity. ADA defines impairment as a physiological disorder or condition, cosmetic disfigurement, anatomical, neurological, musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive losses. The Act further defines impairment as a mental or psychological disorder.Nevertheless, the explanations of impairment under the ADA regulation do not include physical traits, common personality traits, cultural and economic aspects as these elements come naturally and cannot be altered by man (Matt, 1). The Act excludes certain statutory requirements while trying to define disability like those currently using illegal drugs. Emotional acts such as thought, focus, and making contact with others also make up major life activities in reference to the EEOC. The set phrase substantially limits features in the A DA definition of disability.An impairment on qualifies to be a disability if it limits life activities. For an impairment to be referred to as a disability, a person must be meaningfully limited in his or her competency to undertake certain activities relative to the average person drawn from the worldwide public. Some of the very essential aspects to consider in this area are nature and extent of the disability, the time interval that the persons has been disabled, and how the impairment affects the individuals ability to partake in everyday tasks (Acemoglu and Angrist 920).Reasonable accommodation in the ADA of 1990 protects persons with disabilities by ensuring that other than provision of physical access to buildings and provision of equal access to programs and services, this category of citizens access auxiliary services, aids, and removal of barriers in public utilities provided that this does not create undue administrative or financial burdens. The ADA 1990 defines reasona ble ccommodation to entail making existing facilities used by employees readily accessible and usable by disabled persons, job restructuring, part time or modified work schedules, re-advertisement to vacant person, acquisition or modification of equipment or devices and appropriate adjustment or modification of examination (Matt, 5). Discuss the unconditional Courts decisions in Sutton and Toyota Manufacturing In Williamss case, The Supreme Court visited the question of severity of a condition that qualifies it to be a protected disability.The Supreme Court held that the employees medical condition cognise as carpal tunnel syndrome was not a disability because it was not substantially limiting. It was further stated that for an impairment to be referred to as a disability, it has to prevent or severely restrict a person from undertaking in tasks that are of essential value to a person in everyday life. The hail underscored the need for strict interpretation of the phrase substant ially limits. The ruling in Williamss case brought into fore the inability of ADA to accommodate cases characterized by fire of many disability cases (Raddatz, 2). In Sutton v. United Airlines, the plaintiff sued for discriminative acts by a potential employer. In the case, the plaintiffs were two twin myopic sisters who had applied for employment as commercial pilots but their request was rejected because they did not attain the minimum value for uncorrected eyesight.The Supreme Court held that the question of whether somebody is disabled and thus be protected by ADA must be looked at with reference to all mitigating measures. For instance, if a person is severely limited in undertaking day-to-day activities without medical intervention but is only slightly limited to undertaking these tasks after medical interventions, the medical intervention serves to negate the impairment from being referred to as a disability as outlined in the ADA (Raddatz, 1). The ADAAA of 2008 including i ts intended purpose and significant changes from the ADA of 1990The ADAAA 2008 is an Act of the Congress that went into military operation on January 1, 2009. It amended the ADA of 1990 and other nondiscrimination laws that were drafted for the good of people with disability at state and federal levels. The amendment was introduced with respect to myriad Supreme Court rulings on ADA 1990. THE Supreme Court decisions were viewed by the members of the United States Congress as limiting the rights of people with disabilities (Schall, pp. 192). The ADAAA indeed reversed those decisions.With respect to ADA Title I, ADAAA changed the definition of disability. It clarified and broadened its definition. One notable contribution of this amendment is to take into consideration of both the employer and employee. With ADAAA 2008, courts are expected to interpret ADA and other Federal disability non-discrimination laws and deposit whether the covered entity has discriminated. This law preserve s the original meaning definition of law as written in the ADA but alters the way that statutory term should be construed (Matt, 5).Legal analysis of Billy and Mandys requests applying both the ADA and ADAAA Based on the Americans with Disability Act of 1990, Mandys request should not be recognize because she is not substantially limited in her daily activities without using medical interventions like consulting an optician to initiate corrective measures to remedy far sightedness. However, with the ADAAA, her request should be granted because the Act prohibits consideration of medication and low vision devices in determining whether a condition is a disability.Billy Beers request has to be granted because according to the Reasonable Accommodation and from the definition of disability in Title I, Billys condition is covered and indeed considered a disability. Moreover, ADAAA prioritizes discrimination initiated by covered entity as opposed to whether the person seeking protection u nder law has impairment that fits the statutory definition of disability. Works Cited Acemoglu, Daron and Angrist, Joshua D. Consequences of Employment auspices? The Case of the Americans with Disabilities Act.Journal of Political Economy 109(6), 2001, 915957. Matt, Susan. Reasonable Accommodation What does the Law Really Require. Journal of the Association of Medical Professionals with hearing Loses, 1(1), 2003, 1-13 Raddatz, Alissa. ADA Amendments overrule Supreme Court Decisions on What Constitutes Disability. 2009. Web. 3 Dec. 2011. Schall, Carol M. The Americans with Disabilities ActAre We Keeping Our Promise? An Analysis of the Effect of the ADA on the Employment of Persons with Disabilities. Journal of vocational Rehabilitation 10(9), 1998, 191-203.

Middle East Conflict from a Palestinian Perspective

The centerfield East participation that exists between Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews began comparatively not so long ago, in particular at the generator of the 20th century. This is true that these two nations c totally for different religions however, their religious differences are not the main set out of the conflict. For the most part their conflict is a throw together over land. To understand the ascendent of the struggle one should recall in what way of life Jewish people established their claim.By 1929, 156,000 Jewish settlers resided in Palestine. About 4 percent of Palestine land was in the ownership of these settlers but this small amount of land comprised near 14 percent of all agricultural land. The way these lands were acquired by Jews brought about much controversy and dispute. Absentee landlords owned the land of many villages where Palestinians had lived, worked, and died. Zionists then purchased the villages from the absentee landlords and evicted the inhabitants. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli)The violence and military actions that increased more and more together with the blow to conciliate Arab and Jewish peoples urged the world community to pull apart these belligerent powers. Thus in 1947 the UN General Assembly ratified the 1947 UN Partition Plan tally to which the territory was divided into two states, Jewish and Arab. However, it did not bring expected peace to the area. Immediately following the adoption of the Partition Plan the Arab leadership spurned the plan. The basic reason for rejection was that two parts of the divided territory were equal. On this background almost a year later only one state was proclaimed and it was Israel.After the war of 1948-49, the territory known before as Palestine was split into three parts, the proclaimed state of Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan River) and the Gaza Strip.The establishment of Jewish state on the Palestinian territory was historically and religiously ground ed. Jewish people asserted that this land belonged to them by the biblical promise to Abraham and his descendants, and to a fault they stained to the occurrence that this was the historical site of the Jewish kingdom of Israel.Palestinian Arabs in their turn maintain that land belonged to them as they lived there for centuries and they represented the demographic majority. What concerns the biblical explanation for Jewish land claim Arabs also state that while Ishmael, who was Abrahams son, is the forefather of the Arabs, then the land promised by God to the children of Abraham must belong to Arabs as well. Thus, from the point of view of religion and history the position of Palestinian and Jews in regard to the land may be considered as equitable.However, as it was mentioned above the core of the conflict is the land possession and Palestinians rejected the equal land division.The surrounding Arab states supported the Palestinian Arabs in rejecting both the Partition Plan and the establishment of Israel, and the armies of six Arab nations attacked the impudently formed State of Israel. The world has divided into the states that support Israel in its war with Palestine and the states which supported Palestine. Thus the local conflict turned into the global problem.This foeman lasts up till now and influences the variety of fields in international relations. However, we observe here this conflict only in two aspects. That is its consequences in the mount of struggle for energy carriers and in the context of dividing the world into two camps.As it is known the majority of world energy carriers, in particular oil, are controlled by Arab countries. These countries act to use this factor as the impact factor on the countries that supported Israel in the military confrontation. Thus, in October, 1973, the Arab oil-producing states imposed production restraints and an embargotheir second much(prenominal) attempt. They did so allegedly as a punishment for thos e countries that supported Israel in the Middle East war earlier that month. Their first effort at embargo occurred in 1967, following the lightning Israeli victory in the June Six-Day War. That episode is not well-known because it was a total failure. However, global oil market conditions would change advantageously in subsequent years. (USA Today, 16+)The second consequence of this conflict was the division of the world into two camps. So, as it is known, Muslims of the world supported Palestine, the USA and some of European countries supported Israel. The implications of this conflict are also burdened by the fact that this division was not simply between different views this was the division of cultures and religions. Some extremists are trying hard to present this conflict as a conflict between Muslim and Christian worlds. We cannot of course assert that the opposition between Jews and Palestinians is the cause of world confrontation nevertheless, it remains the constant irrit ant and booster for new conflicts.To conclude with, I suppose that the development of confrontation between Israel and Palestine could have been avoided. Since the reason of the conflict was the land division when the state of Israel was proclaimed, I think that one could not have established the state of Israel having been governed only by the straightforward principle of equal land division. This principle satisfied Israel but it was unsatisfactory for the Palestinians. In the given situation the world community chose the easier way without showing willingness to envision out the essence of disagreement. The principle 50/50 proved to be fallacious. This confrontation should be a lesson for the world community that only through considering the interests of all parties we may reach the peace.Endnotes1. Losman, Donald Oil Is Not a National Security Issue America Steadfastly Clings to Perceptions make in the 1970s, and National Policies Continue to theorise Oil Paranoia. USA Toda y. Vol. 130, January 2002. 16+The article by Donald Losman was useful for my work as it helped me to see the process of how the local conflict or the conflict between two nations can grow into the global problem. This article gives the comprehensive reasoning for oil prices hike in 1970s caused by Middle East conflict. It also shows that there are side parties influencing Israeli Palestinian relations, which support either of these belligerent powers.2. Mark Daryl Erickson, et al. An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Westport, CT Greenwood, 1996This book provided me with information on consequences after the state of Israel proclamation and their impact on world policy, the role which it played for world polarization. The book gives the deep analysis for various reasons that led to the Middle East conflict and presents the historical perspective of its development. It helped me to shaper my own ideas on this problem.1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on 24 Jan. 2006 fromhttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsraelisThe Wikipedia web page was useful in ground of history and general background information about the modern settlement of Jewish people on Palestinians territory. There was also the information about the origin of the conflict between these two nations and the history of establishing the state of Israel.Works cited listLosman, Donald Oil Is Not a National Security Issue America Steadfastly Clings to Perceptions Formed in the 1970s, and National Policies Continue to Reflect Oil Paranoia. USA Today. Vol. 130, January 2002. 16+Mark Daryl Erickson, et al. An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Westport, CT Greenwood,1996Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on 24 Jan. 2006 from

Is Enough Being Done To Prevent Racism in Football?

racial discrimination hatred or intolerance of an other race or other races is unfortunately a genuinely frequent occurrence around the world. Starting very early(a) on, the belief that someones race is superior and has the right to rule others still takes place regular(a) to this day. Football, is a sport which should bring countries and races together to compete against each other. But this is not the case, the degree of Racism in football is simply unacceptable. From League 2 in England, to the FIFA World Cup it takes place on the pitch, in the stands and even on the internet.Many various organisations welcome attempted to prevent Racism in Football, including alliance Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) & Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). But are they doing enough? The most new-fashioned incident was on the 24th July 2013 where AC Milan left-hand(a) back Kevin Constant kicked the ball into the crowd and left the pitch after racial abuse was being chanted from the stands of the Sassuolo supporters while he was preparing to take a throw in. Constants actions emulate those of Boatengs where a similar scene occurred however the whole team walked glowering the pitch instead of the one player.While Boateng had plenty of support, it seemed that AC were much less supportive of Constants decision to rifle the pitch. The club said in a statement This was not a decision he should have taken upon himself to make. After the situation had been reviewed by the FIGC (Italian Football Federation) Sassoulo were faird 30,000 euros for their fans actions, I fully support the decision to revenge the club that arent others to blame for Constants decision to leave the pitch? Is this very going to stop the Racist remarks? The answer is absolutely not.FIGCs solution did not directly consider the fans and therefore these scenes will undoubtedly keep occurring. Situations like this should be dealt with in the equitable way to reverse Racism in football and not just result in a careless fine. all the comparable this isnt the worst part of the story. Constant was fined with 3,000 euros for is actions. This is an absolutely appalling decision, and could perhaps encourage supporters to carry on with racist remarks towards the players. Kevin Constant had every right to exit the pitch in the manor he did.On the other hand, FIFA -along with its employees and the football community- have showed that theyre currently unquestionably attempting to stop Racism in football and inner(a) civilisation in general. FIFA has begun and presented events such as the FIFA Conference on Racism in Football, UN Anti-Racism Conference, and established its very maiden Anti-Discrimination Day on 7 July 2002. But this isnt enough, FIFA have thought of many methods, but havent executed enough hands on tasks to cause any great effect. For example, the FIFA corrective code was taken into place a few years ago.The code shows what happens if the F IFA Statues -basic laws for world football- are violated. It applies to everyone twisting in the football match being played but is everyone being caught out? Not everyone backside be dealt with at one time, especially when multiple people join in Racist chants. accordingly I dont see the Disciplinary Code as being an effective method to eliminate Racism from Football. UEFA work very closely with FARE (Football Against Racism In Europe) and give them a lot of aid in promotion, finance etc.I personally feel that have a much much effective method of preventing Racism. I feel this way because annually at 40 UEFA club disputation matches, players are accompanied onto the field by children wear awaying Unite Against Racism T-shirts, while team captains wear matching armbands. I support this form of preventing racism because fans respect their clubs players and if they see the players reenforcement the fight against racism then they might think twice about shouting abuse at a playe r with a different colour of skin. This method is also incredibly cheap and highly effective.Considering the millions of pounds some of these respected organisations will have, purchasing t-shirts and armbands should not affect them financially in any way. in that location are multiple Racist incidents in Football and Kevin Constants wasnt the worst. Standard liegeman player Onyewu, stated that Anderlechts Jelle Van Damme called him a dirty ape under his breath during the first leg of a play off match. Onyewu alerted the white referee but no action was taken and he was ignored. Although this isnt the worst of what happened on that match day.When Onyewu arrived at the stadium he was punched and shouted at by the opposition fans. These fans were unpunished and allowed to enter the stadium with nothing said. This is just one of many racist incidents in football which havent been dealt with correctly, the referee blatantly showed he was simply uninterested in Onyewus complaint. I beli eve that the referee should receive a long match ban and fine for his actions as he should have been one of the first to report the incident. As for the fans who physically attacked Onyewu, they deserved a permanent ban from going to any future matches.I personally feel that FIFA, FIGC, UEFA and all other study Football related organisations should work together to fight racism and not just focus on their own ways of preventing it. Every match should be promoting the act against racism, tickets, programmes and all forms of merchandise should have govern No To Racism printed on them. Furthermore the punishments for violating the FIFA Disciplinary code should be stricter, fans should have a very long or possibly life- ban from going to matches if caught and players, managers, match officials should be treated in the same manor along with a minimum fine of 40,000 pounds.

Biological Theories of Crime Essay

What ar the central assumptions of biological theories of crime? How do much(prenominal) theories differ from other perspectives that attempt to explain the same phenomena?Biological Theories of CrimeThese theories are provided by modern criminologist who relates the interaction between surrounding social and physical environments with biological influences and how it in turn shapes behavioral proclivity and wrong activities too. Many researchers think that it can be passed down to their child to be more risk of exposure of committing the crime. The finding in the research is not as accurate as they want it to be establish on the individual they conducted the test is not so accurate. There is a belief that will postulate down that lower level in neurotransmitter cause a person to be anti-social towards an individual. The biological theories are based on the neurotransmitters, hormone, and central nervous system that may cause an individual to act turn up in an aggressive and violent way toward victims. What biological factors does this lesson suggest might substantially influence mankind aggression?The Human Genome ProjectThe use of genetic knowledge developed by the HGP is likely to get down momentous implications for both individuals and society. Many of the questions criminologists have raised about the role of genetics in criminal behavior may be answered by the results of research begun by the HGP. 7 In the area of crime-control policy, HGP-related breeding is expected to support the development of public policy options related to crime pre-vention and the treatment of offenders.Genetics and Heritability TheoriesThe compositions of the benevolent genes is believed to carry out an important role in relations to criminal aggression and it causation. With no manifest indentification of the gene, Crimimologist believe that the influence of social and physical environment is more like to predetermine one to get aggresive of crimimal more than gene tical prediposition.Brain Dysfunction TheoriesMost anomalies to the human brain may trigger a criminal instinct and abnomality in behaviours.Body Chemistry TheoriesThis theory reveals how disruptive behaviour could seldom be reconnected to inadequate nutrition in the body which affects the human body.Hormones and Criminality TheoriesQuite similar to the body chemistry, as yet the connection is identified with hormonal influences.Biosocial Criminology TheoriesThis theory observes the interacting conncetion that exist between the social environments and biology which is paramount to perception of the human behavior

Consumer Buying Behavior for Life Insurance

Con trade uni bingler acquire behavior is nonhing and their fates, which arouse them to buy. There is pecking order of need from broad(prenominal)-pitched level to low level. They initiate to buy their high level need after absolute that they move for some other need. Consumers 1st recognize their need or problem then gather in formattingion about that harvest-time. They get more alternatives regarding that point of intersection then they pronounce each and every criterion, which give them bundle of attribute towards that product. Now they choose among one of them to buy and they defecate end to buy that product. There ar well-nigh movers influence them to buy.These are cultural f effector, kindly f work onor and demographic f momentors. ? Culture factor ins grant their region, culture and their social classes, which is based on their education and occupation. ? Social factors include reference, groups and family, which influence them to buy according to their choice. People buy product according to its role and status. ? Demographic factors includes come on group, soulfulnessality, occupation, invigoration style and so on deal buy product according to under comes both these factors. door redress has got its origin from the concept of Indemnity.Indemnity against to loss, it has occurred collect to roughly unavoidable circumstances. To some, the concept of amends has got its origin tie in to the disbelief in the carri years sentence. Uncertainty has been the integral part of everyones sustenance, be the uncertainty in terms of currency, uncertainty in terms of feeling etc. Throughout the tenure every other individuals effort is enjoin towards avoiding this uncertainty. The concept of polity has got its origin from this very effort of avoiding the uncertainty. Though it is non possible to avoid the uncertainty, it is extremely possible to compensate the loss, which has occurredVIGNANA JYOTHI launch OF MANAGEMENT, HY DERABAD summon 6 CONSUMER get style FOR intent INSURANCE constitution due to happening of this uncertainty. This compensation of unavoidable circumstances (uncertainty), which has occurred, is known as damages. It is the pooling of funds by many to compensate the loss of few, whereby many individuals pool themselves together to create a fund in regularise of combat to compensate the loss that has occurred to the few. Insurance as we know today hatful be traced to the Great apprize of Lon mount which, in 1666 AD, destroyed 13200 houses.In the aftermath of this disaster, Nicholas Barbon opened an office to insure buildings. In 1680, he accomplished Englands first fire amends policy company, The Fire Office, to insure brick and frame headquarterss. Gradually the concept of amends came to be understood as a contract that offered the purchaser encourageion against the monetary loss due to specific incident. Since the bump of pecuniary loss was to be spread amongst t he large group of volume, the extent of monetary loss, In the event of mishap occurred, became slight(prenominal) devastating to the individual.Though the concept of amends is old as write up of mankind, back to some 6000 familys, it got its presence registered in India somewhere in 1818 with opening up of Oriental brio Insurance Company in Calcutta by Europeans. During those years Indians were considered as sub trite and they were forced to give high grant on account of their low profile. However with the continuous effort of few eminent people Indians were later considered as of equal status and they were charged the normal rate, at par with the Europeans.This was majorly due to the presidency of first Indian brio Insurance company, Bombay Mutual spiritedness Assurance society in the year 1870. Later on the development of Indian heart policy perseverance was more fired by the patriotic sentiments and gave rise to number of Indian life indemnification companies viz. building blocked India in Madras, interior(a) Indian and National Insurance in Calcutta and the Co-operative Assurance at Lahore were amongst those company which was formed to treat the Indian populace at par.With increase in the pressure from Indian intellect, to give the Indian Insurance industry an organized structure, political relation of India was forced to pass demeanor indemnification Companies act, 1912 and Provident Fund act. save this was not the end to the suffering of Indian populace that even this act recognized the demarcation between the Europeans and Indian while charging the premium, then came the act of 1938 which not completely governed the life sentence Insurance Industry but similarly had its spread VIGNANA JYOTHI convey OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 7 CONSUMER purchasing carriage FOR liveness INSURANCE insurance to the Non life Insurance Industry.With the increase in atrocities from all these companies, the demand to amend the prevailing act of 193 8 assumed velocity. olibanum in the year 1956 the act was passed as Life Insurance Corporation act, 1956 on 19th June, 1956 which called for communization of all the Insurance company working in India under one name as Life indemnification corporation of India (hereafter LIC). Thus LIC was formed on 1st September 1956, with an objective to spread life insurance especially in rural areas as a mean to provide the protection jump to the life of Indian populace and as tool to help them in the time of financial need at a formerable cost.Till 1999 LIC was the totally life insurance player in Indian Life Insurance field, when government of India decided to amend the then prevailing act prohibiting the private life insurance player to enter the Indian grocery place. It was Insurance Regulatory Authority, 1999 (IRA) that gave the freedom the private players to play in the field. But the basic motive for introducing such an act was not fulfilled as the amended act was meant for only r egulation purpose only and not as a development tool and hence the act was further modified to add the element of development to the concept and thus came the current prevailing act i. . Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA), 1999. It was further amended to incorporate the element of competitiveness. Thus Government of India via IRDA permitted the private Life Insurance player also to enter the Indian field and made some provision for foreign insurance companies that if they want to enter the Indian market they can do so but to the extent of 26 % of share only with any of Indian partner. Today almost 15 private life insurance companies are working India, some in wholly owned format and some as a joint venture with foreign company or with Indian company.Together they hold the market share of approx. 24 % in life insurance market. Still LIC holds the kingship with almost 76 % of market share. Thats the good news for the LIC people on one part but on another flavor if we deal that shows the pace at which the private life insurance companies are moving, they are defiantly passage to give the tough fight to LIC. The leadership lies not in getting the level best out of market share but it is there somewhere in understanding the reason for the choice of one product over another one. VIGNANA JYOTHI shew OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABADPage 8 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY Consumer hierarchy of needIt is important to understand the relevance of human needs to buyer behavior remember, marketing is about satisfying needs). Need as a physiological or psychological deficiency a individual feels the emergency to safety, suggesting that need creates tension that can influence a persons work attitudes and behavior. nodes set an order for their needs from high level low level need. They prefer 1st, which is most essential for them, after completed that, they give privilege to next need.There are five needs exist in a hierarchy Need- Physi ological needs such as food, air, water, heat, and the basic necessities of survival need to be cheery. Safety -Need for a secure environment, protection and stability in the events of day to days life, Such as life insurance. It make people tension free about any fortune at their life. Society- At the trinity level we meet our social and belongingness needs i. e. we marry, or join groups of friends, etc. person paying valuate according to their income, feels the social responsibility and acceptance by society as a good citizen.Life insurance is also a part of the social needs, which reduce the tax and also cover the risk with the ascription of facilities towards aims. Esteem- Esteem means that you achieve something that makes you recognized and gives personal satisfaction, example writing a book, coronation for family tariff or ache a pension plan for support at future, which arise self watch over insight a person. Self actualization Self actualization is achieved by few . here(predicate) a person is one of a small number to actually do something.For example, Neil Armstrong self-actualized as the first person to happen the Moon. The postulate of how and why people purchase goods and dish outs is termed consumer buying behavior. The term covers the ending-making edgees from those that precede the purchase of goods or dos to the final experience of using the product or service. Models of consumer VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 9 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY buying behavior draw together the mingled influences on, and the process of, the buying decision.They attempt to understand what happens in spite of appearance the consumer between his or her exposure to marketing stimuli and the actual decision to purchase. Characteristics of Indian consumer behavior The Indian consumers are noted for the high degree of value druthers. Such orientation to value has labeled Indians as one of the most discernin g consumers in the world. Even, luxury brands select to externalize a unique pricing strategy in order to get a foothold in the Indian market. Indian consumers have a high degree of family orientation.This orientation in fact, extends to the extended family and friends as well. Brands with identities that support family set tend to be popular and accepted easily in the Indian market. Indian consumers are also associated with values of nurturing, care and bear uponion. These values are far more dominant that values of ambition and achievement. Product which communicate feelings and emotions What is insurance? Insurance is a policy from a large financial institution that offers a person, company, or other entity reimbursement or financial protection against possible future losings or damages.The meaning of insurance is important to understand for anybody that is considering buying an insurance policy or only when understanding the basics of finance. Insurance is a hedging Instrum ent used as a preventive measure against future contingent losings. This instrument is used for managing the possible risks of the future. What is life insurance? Life Insurance is the key to good financial planning. On one hand, it safeguards your money and on the other, ensures its growth, thus providing you with complete financial well being.Life Insurance can be termed as an agreement between the policy owner and the insurance underwriter, where the insurer for a consideration agrees to pay a sum of money upon the occurrence of the insured person individuals or individuals end or other event, such as terminal illness, critical illness or VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 10 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY maturity of the policy. Life insurance plans, impertinent mutual funds, are beneficial when you look at them as a long term way of investiture which also offers protection by dint of life cover. Life insurance policies are broadly categorised into ii Types- Traditional Plans ? Unit Linked Insurance Plans (ULIPs) Traditional planTraditional policies offer in-built guarantees and define maturity benefits through variety of products such as guaranteed maturity value. The investment risk in traditional life insurance policies is borne by life insurance companies. Additionally, the investment decisions are regulated to a large extent by IRDA rules and regulations, ensuring stable returns with minimal risk. Investment income is distributed amongst the policy holders through annual bonus. These policies are ideal for policy holders who are not market savvy and do not wish to take investment risks. termination planTerm Insurance helps the customers in safeguarding their families from financial worries that rise due to unfortunate circumstances. Term plans are pure risk cover plans with or without maturity benefits. These pure risk plans cover your life at a nominal cost Term plans also let you avail the benefit to cover your outstanding debts like mortgage, home loan etc. In case of something happens to you, the financial burden is borne by the insurance company and not your loved ones. VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 11 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICYTerm plan offers following benefits? High insurance Cover at lower costs ? Financial security against loans and mortgages, ? Single premium payment plectron available Whole life policy? As the name suggests, a Whole Life policy is an insurance cover against death, irrespective of when it happens. ? Under this plan, the policyholder pays regular premiums until his death, following which the money is handed over to his family. natural endowment policyCombining risk cover with financial savings, endowment policies is the most popular policies in the world of life insurance. In an Endowment Policy, the sum assured is payable even if the insured survives the policy term. ? If the insured dies during the t enure of the policy, the insurance firm has to pay the sum assured just as any other pure risk cover. ? A pure endowment policy is also a form of financial saving, whereby if the person cover remains alive beyond the tenure of the policy he gets back the sum assured with some other investment benefits. In addition to the basic policy, insurers offer various benefits such as retell endowment and marriage/education endowment plans.The cost of such a policy is slightly high but worth its value. Money back policy? These policies are structured to provide sums required as anticipated expenses (marriage, education etc) over a stipulated period of time. With inflation becoming a big issue, companies have realized that sometimes the money value of the policy is eroded. That is VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 12 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY why with-profit policies are also being introduced to offset some of the losses incurred on account of inf lation. ?A portion of the sum assured is payable at regular intervals. On survival the remainder of the sum assured is payable. ? ? In case of death, the sufficient sum assured is payable to the insured. The premium is payable for a situation period of time. Annuities and pensionIn an annuity, the insurer agrees to pay the insured a stipulated sum of money periodically. The purpose of an annuity is to protect against risk as well as provide money in the form of pension at regular intervals. Over the years, insurers have added various features to basic insurance policies in order to address specific needs of a cross section of people.ULIP planUnit linked insurance plan (ULIP) is life insurance solution that provides for the benefits of risk protection and flexibility in investment. The investment is denoted as units and is represented by the value that it has attained called as Net Asset Value (NAV). The policy value at any time varies according to the value of the underlying asset s at the time. In a ULIP, the invested measuring stick of the premiums after deducting for all the charges and premium for risk cover under all policies in a particular fund as chosen by the policy holders are pooled together to form a Unit fund.A Unit is the component of the Fund in a Unit Linked Insurance Policy. The returns in a ULIP cypher upon the performance of the fund in the capital market. ULIP investors have the option of investing across various schemes, i. e. , diversified equity funds, balanced funds, debt funds etc. It is important to remember that in a ULIP, the investment risk is generally borne by their investor. Life insurance companies in IndiaIn India, Insurance is a national matter, in which life and general insurance is yet a booming sector with huge possibilities for different ball-shaped companies, as life insurance premiums ccount to 2. 5% and general insurance premiums account to 0. 65% of Indias GDP. The Indian Insurance sector has gone through several phases and changes, especially after 1999, when the Govt. of VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 13 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY India opened up the insurance sector for private companies to exploit insurance, allowing FDI up to 26%. Since then, the Insurance sector in India is considered as a flourishing market amongst planetary insurance companies. However, the largest life insurance company in India is still owned by the government.Top 5 life insurance Company in India? Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) This remains the largest insurance company in India and is owned by the government. In 2008, LIC accounted for 64 per cent market share. Although it is still the market leader, the company has to battle against the innovative strategies and better sales force of private enterprises. Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) registered an 83 per cent increase in new business income in March 2010, while private players posted a 47 p er cent growth in new business premium. ICICI Prudential Life Insurance This life insurance companies has attracted a loyal customer base with great customer support and a capacious range of cheap policies to choose from. ? Bajaj Allianz general Insurance This private company has been rising steadily in terms of market capture. It now sells the warrant most number of insurance policies in India after LIC and has been maturation at a fast pace since 2006. ? Birla Sun Life Insurance This Company has played its tease well. It offers a variety of insurance policies for the customers to choose from, provides them with attractive deals and offers great customer service and support.There is no reason why people shouldnt prefer this one. VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 14 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY ? SBI Life Though a little slow on the marketing propaganda, SBI Life has been consistently growing in the Indian life insurance market because of good service and a great brand image. Consumer perception for life insurance According to the need life insurance is the second need of people, because nobody knows about future. Life is suffering from full of risk and incidents. Nobody knows that what would be a financial condition in coming time.To be secure about future people are speedily holding insurance policy. Insurance is actually a protection against economic loss, by sharing the risk with others. Consumers need Life Insurance because typically the need for income continues for those who are financially dependent on them, but there is no guarantee of their ability to earn consistently and for the rest of their life. Life insurance can help them safeguard the financial needs of their family. This need has become even more important due to steady disintegration of the prevalent Joint family system and emergence of nuclear families.The need to protect their familys ever growing needs is why they need Life Insurance. Cons umer buying behavior for buying life insurance policyA consumer buying behavior starts from need/requirement for product, then evaluation about product and decide product, which gives better satisfaction then take decision for buying. ? Need- Need or requirement is a primary model for buying a life insurance. A need arouse people to act of buy. Different person have different purpose for buying life insurance such as investment for future security or family obligation ( fryren education, children marriage) or risk cover.If there are individuals who depend on you for financial support, or if you work at home providing your family with such services as child care, cooking, and cleaning, you need life insurance. Older couples also may need life insurance to protect a surviving spouse against the possibility of the couples retirement savings being depleted by unexpected medical expenses. And individuals with substantial VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 15 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY assets may need life insurance to help reduce the effects of estate taxes or to transfer wealth to future generations. Information wait- After recognize need, they search for limited amount of teaching regarding loyal companies, and its plan according to their desire. At the next level the person may enter an active information search looking for regarding insurance, phoning friend, go online, meet to salesman and advertisement are rich source to gather information. ? Evaluation of alternatives- Having information about many companies, they judge which company giving better plan according to their admire within the budget. Second they look for certain benefits from the policy and stability of company.Third customer see Each insurance as a bundle of attributes with varying abilities for delivering the benefit sought to satisfy their need such as ? ? salute Value The original death benefit amount. Convertibility Option to convert from o ne type of policy to another (whole life), usually without a physical examination. ? ? ? ? Cash Value The savings portion of a policy that can be borrowed against or cashed in. Premiums Monthly, quarterly, or yearly payments required to maintain coverage. Beneficiary The individual(s) or entity (trust) that is designated as benefit recipient.Paid Up A policy requiring no further premium payments due to prepayment or earnings. ? guests evaluate all positive and negative point of services according to importance and give preference to a better plan provided by company. Purchase decision-. In the evaluation stage, customer form preference among the company, full filling their requirements. But there are few factors, which can divert consumer mind set. ? Other person can make them advice for another investment like share market, bond, mutual fund and bank squeeze or other alternatives. VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 16CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSU RANCE POLICY ? ? ? ? ? ? ? An uneasy policy holder can divert their mind. Customer is not getting a loyal salesperson. Customer is influenced by perceived risk for losing money. The policy is not giving up as ones expected. They attracted for other outflank investment. Ones may be a policy holder and not getting benefit as ones expected, so he is not getting decision for buy. Customer may be from rural area, he is not getting belief at company cause of conservative thinking. If Customers get satisfaction struggling from these all factor, then they make decide for buy insurance policy. The Purchase Decision The purchase decision in general is prompt by number of factors viz. Psycho graphical, Economical, Social, Political legal and Demographical.The list is not exhaustive but it is sufficient to have the deep understanding of the factors influencing the decision. Psycho graphical Factors are those factors, which includes the behavioural aspect of the individual viz. lifestyle, livi ng standard. Here purchase decision in influenced by those issues that affect the lifestyle of the consumer or in the other that reflects the status. For e. g. purchase decision related to buying of car and that to Mercedes Benz. public lecture specifically to the insurance sector, here customer will buy only that policy that has got high premium or that type of policy which company is promoting to limited high-income level group only. For e. g. Classic Life promethium policy of Birla Sun life insurance is meant for only those individual who can pay at least(prenominal) Rs. 25000/- per annum. Economical factorEconomical factors affect the purchase decision by influencing the issues pertaining to money and income level of the individual.Consumer will buy only that product which will not have any VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 17 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY negative effect on his pocket. For e. g. decision to buy an insurance policy is influenced by the deepness in the pocket. Social factorSocial factor affect the purchase decision by influencing the issues pertaining to social beliefs and morals. Person influenced by group and their family members. They buy mostly same plan from same company whether their friends or family members have it.Some time if ones want to buy a new plan from other companies, their family member contrition them to buy it. Political factorsPolitico legal is the macro level environment. It effects in a way, theorize IRDA has curtail the sale of Key Man Insurance policy through Term Plan only. Demographic factorDemographical factor is that factor which has got the maximum of its effect in the purchase decision of the product and especially if that product is life insurance product. It is so because these factors incorporate other above said factors and includes those factors that can influence the buying decision to maximum extent viz.Occupational factor (service/business), Age factor, G ender, Marital status factor and Income level etc. It cannot be denied that buying decision of the individual who is unmarried and is into business, having the income level of the range Rs. 2. 4 lakhs per annum, is into the age group of say 25 years have the entirely different approach towards purchase of the life insurance policy with the individual who is into service and is married, is into the age group of, say 35, and is earning Rs. 30000/- per month.Keeping the above phenomena under consideration a study was conducted to know exactly to what extent Demographical factor has got its influence in purchase decision of the life insurance product. VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 18 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY The Study This study, which was conducted in the city of Bangarmau (Utter Pradesh), covered almost 50 individual of different status. The duration of the study was almost one month. The method which we used to collect the informatio n was through questionnaire and personnel interview.The data so collected was classify according to the company of the consumers choice from where they have purchased the product and further it was analyzed that what was the demographic profile of that consumer and end was thus generalized. The study covered 50 individuals, of which 84 % were found insured and 16 % uninsured. Of the total insured 75% were from 21-45 age group and 25 % were from age group 46-60. It was 78 % of the male who was there in the total insured and rest 22% were female. Occupation wise 40 % of the total insured were into service and 60 % into business.Thus the overall penetration of companies in to the psyche of consumer buying preference (based on the customers purchase of a companys life insurance policy) is given in the graph as under Types of consumer- There are two kinds of customers according to their region? Urban customer? Rural customer- I did my research in rural area. It is my home town name is Bangarmau. I find that people having lack of knowledge and awareness about life insurance. Here insurance adviser playing a vital role to make them aware and thingumajig them for buying life insurance policy.In the exact word I can say that people gaint buy policy here, they buy belief of adviser. They buy it on the basis of reputation and inscription of insurance adviser. Here customer do not worry about their security, they buy it as a investment, which should give them good return in very short of time. I find that if adviser does not push them for having life insurance, number of people would be very less to buy life insurance. VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 19 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY The main factor is unawareness, thats why they do not believe at Pvt Company.They have fear about lost their money, because they dont know what IRDA is and what it is work. QuestionnairesI prepared 13 questionnaires to know about consumers perce ption for buying life insurance policy. 1-Whether you have life insurance policy? life insurance 50 40 30 20 10 0 yes No 8 yes No 42 2- As what purpose did you buy it? VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 20 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY policy holder investment family obligation saving tax 10% 19% 71% 3-If yes, which company life insurance you have? COMPANYNO. OF POLICY (x-8. 4) HOLDER (x) S. D. LIC SBI Reliance ICICI Bajaj 26 4 6 0 6 17. 6 -4. 4 -2. 4 -8. 4 -2. 4 9. 11 I did survey around 50 people at Bangarmau. I find that consumer mostly prefer LIC for life insurance. Actually it is a business town and people do not have enough knowledge about regulatory authority, thats why they do not believe on other Pvt. companies. I got above 60% people have policy of LIC out of 42 policyholder. VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 21 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY Three more Pvt.Insurance companies are providing s ervice at Bangarmau, but consumers are less responsive for those companies, it is less than 40 % customer hold by these companies. Mean for all these customer towards company is 8. 4 and standard deviation is 9. 11. 4-What was the source of medium, you buy it? T. V. Insurance adviser Other 6 34 2 Here customer do not go at company to buy policy, they always need a agent to make them understand about the better plans and companies, which is good service responsiveness. Those people belong to the service sector, they influenced towards TV and other sources for buying policy -What is the feature of your policy attracted to you? Low premium High risk coverage Money back guarantee Reputation of company Agents convictions 2 2 12 3 23 VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABADPage 22 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY Most of the policyholder in this region are businessman, they need only high growth of their money thats why they maximum attracted by money back guara ntee, but agent attracted them a lot. They make them understand better plans. Customer influenced by agents behavior and they believe upon company, what they suggest them. -Now you are satisfied with your policy? Satisfied Not satisfied Not respondent 36 4 2 7- People perception at appropriate age for buying life insurance policy? VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, HYDERABAD Page 23 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR FOR LIFE INSURANCE POLICY Age No. (X) Mean Standard deviation < 25 year 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 above 3 15 12 5 5 2 0. 6 3 2. 4 1 1 0. 4 1. 07 5. 36 4. 29 1. 78 1. 76 0. 71 Customer belongs to 25 -45 maximum prefer the insurance policy sake of growth of money and saving the tax. People, who are less than 25 year are students,