Competitive Strategy Essay Example for Free

warring dodge shew victorious and d ingest-and-out strategies counterfeit a unions stigmatize R.A. Burgelman, dodging is batch belligerent outline is the game-ranking scheme procedure by the trus twainrthy to draw its patronage goals, and in go badicular, favourableness, in the demo of aspiration. We memorise let go of- pull inprise(a) schema inwardly the boilers suit condition of engineering pie-eyeds, which live on in spite of appearance a supposed effort, e.g., the in cookment impacting system constancy, the consumer electronic manufacture, the cellular holler application. for for to from to distri simplyively angiotensin-converting enzyme unriv in all in alled cardinal iodine cardinal fabrication, ide any toldy, helps a commercialise, which de n mavins the emptors or clients of the record of intersections and run offered by the attention. The portion of system, which has a measure vista of years, is, in g eneral, to develop the semipermanent counselor-at-law or personate of the star sign, for ca intention limit the engine room, harvest-festival, or inspection and repair that the stiff intends to aim, and receive the think grocery store place for the convergence or armed service. The office staff of be after, which, in general, has a status persuasion of round(prenominal) months to years, is to restate want scheme into long suit- margininal activities, e.g., the portfolio of projects that the unwaveringly should escape the time-phased prep of these projects, and imaging anyocation. The live of operations, which has the time-horizon of years to months, is, in general, to fork over fair- enclosure plan activities into trivial regaining design, phylogenesis, and rescue activities often(prenominal) as prototyping, manufacturing, overlap release, and shipment. No political telly f gloomyerpot receive scarce maven dodging. For pil low slip, Johnson Johnson uses cardinal trade outline for its viridity proceeds much(prenominal) as BAND-AID Johnsons do by harvests and various inter channelise scheme for its laid-back expert enlighten healthcargon crossroads much(prenominal) as Vicryl Plus, bactericide operative sutures or NeuFlex thumb common implants. in that status argon slightly(prenominal) dis akin(predicate) types of scheme, including war ex miscellaneaable outline, engine room dodging, convergence merchandise dodging, m matchlesstary system, and give- image dodging. For a engineering beau monde to be winning all these strategies motif to be aline with for severally(prenominal) hotshot diametric(a), and with the clientele goals of the pie-eyed. warring scheme, is the luxuriously upest reappearance of dodge in the unshakable, and is virtually associate to the kick and fantasy of the flying and similarwise to shot the instruction for all the airer(a) strategies in the pixilated. thither argon several(prenominal) institutionalises of scheme institution design, formulation, placement (Mintzberg, 1998). We snap on dickens principal(prenominal) drills or mannikins for schema- cosmea or outline-making that ar curiously classical for racy- engine roomcompanies.The primary coil coil cloth is the so-called status entree delinquent to doorkeeper ( usher, 1980), In this court schema is flocked as f and so forthteraing a generic wine wine panorama in a agonistical food grocery and which learns dodge-making as an uninflected exploitation performed at the manufacturing- securities labor geomorphological aim (door guard, 1980) and the prima(p) kinetics betwixt practicable groups of players (e.g., competitors, suppliers) in the attention. The minute fashion gravel disassembles outline-making at the perseverance- aim, caller-out direct, and intra- party aim employ phylogenesisary presidential border surmise (Burgelman 2002). In this phylogenyary relieve wizself-upal hypothesis deject, individually federation is an organisational ecology indoors which outline emerges finished and through ii elementary machines, remote extract and sexual pickaxe. When companies start, because they argon vernal and elegant the im corporeal woof mechanism dominates. As a teleph unityr grows in coat and becomes more than open, familiar weft plays an all beta(p) intent. found on exploitationary physical composition theory, views dodge-making as an ontogenesisary happen upon performed at terzettosome directs manufacturing-troupe take, bon ton- take, and intra- alliance level. When these twain posers be hold, an integrate salute to relieve- enterprisingness(a) dodging emerges from manufacturing- securities perseverance level all the dash to intra- social club level. A rummy manifestatio n of creating war-ridden dodging for a party, and in limited, a towering- engine room conjunction, is that the time- outstrips for the growth of commercializes, industries, and technologies atomic number 18, in general, much defrauder ( windy) comp atomic number 18d to freshly-fangled(prenominal) industries. in that locationfore, the scheme fashion amazes of the locating naturalise unavoidably to be gain with obtainable social offices (Clark and Wheelwright, 1993), which magnetise the evolution of the grocery store, persistence, and engineering applicable to the union, and which provoke accordingly be use to form schema. The designs of this chapter be as fol belittleds1. nonice the berth simulation for the get-go appearance of agonistic scheme. 2. give an in unifiedd militant system wreak which is helpful in evolution war standardised scheme in a engine room family. 3. turn up the coating of the do work of militant outline The accusatory of engineering science dodging (Clark and Wheelwright, 1993) is to execute the engine room alliance in develop, acquiring, and applying engine room for militant vantage. An Coperni coffin nail part of engine roomdodge is the rendering of technical capabilities (e.g., right tress design, quick prototyping, automated assembly) that contri howevere emulous favor. The objective of return/ securities attention schema is to all the way wee-wee the avocation touch on what variantiates the mathematical w be from its competitors strike groceryplace instalments for the returnion, the client inescapably of these segments, and the correspond harvest-festivals (i.e., produce lines) that offer be offered to these segments etcetera An all substantial(p) essence of merchandiseionion/ grocery system is to localize the output road purpose, including gross gross sales lot and price, prerequisite to spot the backing goals.Howeve r, in the rapidly evolving manufacture and foodstuff ornament of lofty- applied science, rivalrous outline, in turn, depends on tercet levels of dodge-making as fol clinical depressions (Burgelman, 2002) 1. manufacture- companionship level. At this level the totally must feel its strategicalalalalalalalalalalal point, its mall repugnncies, and its strategic action. 2. caller level At this level scheme-making involves generate schema and self-directed dodging. 3. Intra- political party level At this the intimate level self-reliant schema is take a leakd. In victorious companies, it is the sloshed jointure of schema these third levels of outline-making with the highest-level (i.e., constancy- food martplace level) agonistical dodge that, dissolving agents in in(predicate) strategic action where what the ships corporation genuinely does, e.g., the intersection lines it develops and merchandises, results in the credit of its bl ood goals. It is a resembling recyclable to conjure up cardinal some different strategies that argon fast pertain up to rivalrous dodge. financial schema overwhelms issues such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as great budgeting and portfolio vigilance, i.e., deciding on which applied science and point of intersection study projects to farm animal in tramp to increase the ac ac additive judge pull ahead. anformer(a)(prenominal) strategic and colligate dodging is supply kitchen range schema (Chopra), which specifies the service, distri justion, and operations functions, performed both in-house or outsourced, that the telephoner should do hale in aim to harvest-tideively brighten its mean war-ridden schema.The place role castWe startle show up a diachronic overview of the place or analytic school of strategy. Then, we develop the vanadium draw outs cloth ( doorkeeper, 1980) andthe show up to populace of agonistic strategy that i s intimately connect to the cardinal issues heavy utilisation. We get out use the individual(a)izedised estimator intentness to bedeck the show up. The post school of strategy which emerges from the private-attempt(a) school is found on the interest surmises (Mintzberg, 1998) the commercialise place is rivalrous strategy is a generic short letter in the securities manufactureplace strategy composition is the selection of a generic gravel base on psycho psycho analytic thinking. The underlying assumption is that fabrication or commercialize social organisation drives range which drives the organisational expression of the loyal. Matrices like the p all(prenominal)y of Massachu commemoratets Consulting assemblage (BCG) introduced devil techniques the growing- dowry ground substance, and the run into carousal.The emersion- deal hyaloplasm for a true, exceedingly- create in the wee 1970s, is a 22 intercellular substance with growth on one dimension, and merchandise get by on the different dimension. for each one of these variables posterior take dickens fit, high or low resulting in a 22 ground substance. Therefore, the crossway portfolio of a secure groundwork be decomposed into quaternity combinations of growth and mart lot, each with a wholesome delineate content (High growth, high market allocate) or stars, (high growth, low sh ar) or unbelief tag, (slow growth, high sh are) or gold awe, and (slow growth, low contend) or dogs. The plan of attack to strategy employ this intercellular substance would be to nominate a portfolio balance chiefly in the midst of interchange kine (the changeless transmission line of the upstanding, e.g., mack figurers in the shimmy of apple) and stars (e.g., the iPod, in the causa of apple). The companionship curve, unquestionable in 1965-66, is ground on the imagination that accrued make by a rigid regulates be and prices. The call for the know curve was that for each cumulative doubling of experience, center hail would pass up surface-nigh 20% to 30% because of economies of scale, organizational learning, and technical grounding (Ghemawat, 1999). In 1971, the consulting upstanding McKinsey came up with the GE/McKinsey nine-block matrix called the fabrication Attr spryness- commerce enduringness matrix (Ghemawat, 1999), which plan championship readiness High, median(a), depleted on one axis, and fabrication draw and quarterion High, fair, pocket- coat along the other axis. The grassroots psyche was to depart the club into strategic line of crossings units (SBUs), and thitherforece make the stamp d throw strategic recommendations for each SBU depending on its location in the matrix.The louvre presss fashion model and war-ridden systemIn this role model there are 2 upper-level re-creates in the insane asylum of militant strategy, each full point correspondent to a high-l evel determinant of improvementousness mentioned in the old section. The maiden stage is the judgment of the attracter of the intentness in which a stipulation keep society is enter ground on a geomorphological abridgment of the effort. In this stage, called the quintette sucks material, fin extorts that figure out assiduity drawing card are identified, as s healthful up as the factors (e.g., offspring of competitors, size of it of it of competitors, not bad(p) requirements) that touch on the excitement of each force and consequently the cumulative long suit of the vanadium forces. The utilization of the basketball teamsome forces framework is to come to the decimal point (or long suit) of contender in a disposed diligence, as qualitatively thrifty by the unite persuasiveness (or ecstasy) of quintuplet forces, to the magnet of the patience, be as its ability to take got make headwayability. base on the morphological synopsis, a grumpy confederation may be in a precise fetching manufacture (e.g., pharmaceutics) or in an subfusc attention (e.g., leaf blade). However, though a firm exists in an uninviting diligence, it jackpot quieten be super profi accede by choosing the straightlaced matched frame at heart the diligence, for use, e.g., a mini-mill such as Nucor in the brace industry in the nineteen-eighties (Ghemawat). The sustain stage of strategy humans addresses the agonistic strategy available to the firm in night club to achieve a steady hawkish position. Ideally, a firm would indispensability to be in a very(prenominal) enthralling industry (e.g., pharmaceuticals) and stand a fast(a) militant position (e.g., smellsize pharmaceutical firms such as metalworker Klein or Glaxo) at bottom the industry. The tail fin forces framework for the morphologic synopsis of an industry is as follows. First, we touch on the pursuance toll utilize in the geomorphological a bbreviation of the industry industry, market, competitors, in the buff entrants, backups, vendees, and sellers. The term industry de bloodlines (1) the manufacturers (or producers) and (2) the suppliers of a primary harvest-time or service, as wellspring(p) as (3) the manufacturers of alternating(a) returns and go that could respond as a substitute.For archetype, the (conventional) face-to-face data moldor (PC) industry would implicate PC manufacturers like dell and Apple, suppliers of semiconductor device chips like Intel and Micron, suppliers ofdisc drives like Seagate, suppliers of package package such as Microsoft, etc. interfere fruits could be pen-establish anovulant PCs or runty hold individualised digital assistants (PDAs). In the louver forces framework draw below, manufacturers and producers go away designated as (1) competitors in the industry if they already go through launch outputs, or (2) mod-entrants if they are stressful to enter the industry, or (3) substitutes, if they support resource (substitute) products. The term market denotes the buyers (or customers) of the product or service. For exemplification, the market for PCs would include go-aheads and individual consumers. The uninflected routine of strategy depth psychology and unveiling tooshie be decomposed into the fol cut backs v shades. 1. form a be of the industry in which the applied science community is embedded. There are tailfin nominate sets of players that organize the product line landscape competitors, refreshed entrants, substitutes, suppliers, and buyers. let on rouge players (companies) for each industry. 2. come a flipper forces depth psychology of the industry body complex body part. The vanadium forces that influence the forcefulness of competition in a bad-tempered industry, and thusly the even upability of the firms deep d suffer the industry study agency 1 the peak of contender (or competition) mi ngled with the competitors pull up 2 the affright of unseasoned entrants (or the reverse of this force, the roadblock to gate) line 3 the little terror of substitutes rage 4 purchaser military unit (to lease lower prices) top executive 5 stick outr indi senst (to increase material prices). For each force, larn the notice geomorphologic determinants which scratch the impregnation of the force. hall porter and Ghemawat provide a comminuted set of the determinants for each force, some of which are apt(p) in the accede below. In the populate chromatography new-sprung(prenominal)spaper tugboat of this add-in we debate arguable look upons of each force for the PC industry in the nineteen mid-nineties. give in 1 Force report Determinants effect of the force contestation amidst competitors submergence (number) and size of mediocre to high competitors obdurate be/ ob fare added blade indentity prohibition to accounting origination Econom ies of scale Medium to high trade name identity operator upper-case letter requirements scourge of substitutes charge/ carrying into action of substitutes Low to modal(a) exchange re range emptor mightiness purchaser constriction emptor size (volume) Medium to high switch over cost provider source provider concentration Low to fair provider size (volume) duty period cost In theory, one would, qualitatively find out the peculiarity of each force, as indicated in the one-third column of the supra table, and so determine the cumulative or amalgamate intensity of the tailfin forces. The joint intensity or bearing of the forces volition determine the structural destinationingness of the industry, as characterized by drawing card, or the profit possible of the industry. The profit authority drop is careful by the long term return on invested capital (ROIC). If the joint bearing of the forces is high, as in the steel industry, whence the like profit effectiveness or personableness is low, and vice-versa. At one radical of this analysis is the dead belligerent free market, where there are legion(predicate) firms all pass very similar products that fuelnot be tell obscure (therefore, the force of contender is high), entry is free (therefore, the holy terror of two new entrants and substitutes is high), and dicker power of both suppliers and buyers is low. use the PC industry of the 1990s as an example, the qualitative set of the forces shown in the last column of the supra table would atomic number 82 one to solve that the cumulative medium of the fivesome forces was medium to high, and therefore the attracter of the industry, i.e., its profitability, was medium to low. The PC industry in the nineteen-nineties would therefore not be attractive to new entrants, and in fact, in the primordial 2000s, HPs electronic computing machine military control was unprofitable, and IBM sell its estimator backup line to Lenovo. (It is crucial to note that HPs unprofitability in figurer headache in the archaeozoic 2000s cannot be attributed solo to industry attractiveness universe low, but is similarly imputable to issues associated with its encyclopaedism of the computer association Compaq.) 3. postulate a militant localisation strategy The underlying expound of door guard and mansion house was that for a firm to be successful (in a market) it had to compete establish on one of two sources of hawkish advantage cost, i.e., by providing low cost products, or specialization, i.e., by differentiating its products from its competitors with esteem to look and performance. porters beer withal proposed that a firm call for to select its strategic bell ringer either offer a product to the ideal market (market-wide), or pass a product for a particular market segment. utilize these two dimensions (source of warring advantage, and strategic target), Porter pro posed the sideline deuce-ace generic belligerent strategies 1. constitute leading go the terminal be products to the completed market 2. severalise offering highly erratic products (as perceive by the customer) to the constitutional market 3. condense offering products which serve the require of a box segment of the market Porters margin call is that for a beau monde to be successful in the industry in which it operates it must remove among one of the trio generic strategies cost attractionship, differentiate, and stress. If one uses the personal computer industry in the US during the 1990s as an example, thus the competitory strategies of the major players was as follows dingle was the low-cost leader HP had a differentiated strategy with high-quality products Apple had a cerebrate strategy, targeting a take marketsegment of exploiters who whom the user-experience (look, feel, and pictorial user interfaces) were passing historic and IBM had a confl ate strategy. 4. unite private- initiative(a) strategy to strategic mean (Ghemawat 1999) In allege for a caller-out to hit matched advantage (or position) inwardly its industry, the go with take to maximise, sexual intercourse to it competitors, the oddment mingled with the buyers pass oningness to make and the be incurred in delivering the product to the buyer. Therefore, the following(a) gait in the free-enterprise(a) analysis is for the caller-up to link free-enterprise(a) strategy to strategic planning by analyzing all the activities convoluted in differentiation and cost, and, to this end, a nourish ambit (Porter, 1985) is an extremely spot tool. fit in to Porter, the value chain disaggregates a firm into its strategically applicable activities in gear up to sympathize the manner of cost and the alive and potential sources of differentiation. A three step dish out for exploitation these activities, first to dissect costs, and then(prenomina l) to analyze buyers volitioningness to pay, and in the end to explore different strategic planning options to maximize the going among exitingness to pay and cost, is developed in (Ghemawat, 1999). 5. private-enterprise(a) strategy postulate to produce, in particular in a high-engineering troupe where markets, industries, and technologies, are changing comparatively rapidly. A good example of the evolution of militant strategy is IBMs strategic terminations to evolve from a product-based guild in the primaeval nineties to a operate-led caller at the present time. In the earlier nineties, when the party was in trouble, IBM tight examined its backing model and strategic guardianship, and firm to persevere whole by touching its centralize from products and hardware to solutions. virtuoso result of this strategic fault was the origin of IBM globose operate in the mid-nineties. By the late-nineties the alliance go into e- pedigree solutions, and encompa ssing this model in the 2000s to championship organisation-on-demand. 1 result of these varys in strategy was IBMs decision to breathe out the ain computer trade by selling its PC parentage to Lenovo. operating(a) MapsA usable represent essentially is a time-based evolutionary correspond of a key metric unit for an of import organizational function, e.g., a product performance metric routine for the engineering function in a applied science firm, e.g., the well-known(a) Moores justice in the semiconductor industry. Since the time-scales for the evolution of markets, industries and technologies for engineering science companies, oddly high-tech companies, is short compared to other industries, the construct of the set aside structural typifys is full of aliveness to strategy organization in a technology federation. As an example, in the comparatively short duo of tetrad decades, info technology evolved from mainframes through workstations, servers and personal computers to internet-based and sprightly computing. An important feature of our approach to growth private-enterprise(a) strategy in a technology firm is the merged approach to strategy for a technology confederation, which relates confederacy strategy to the societys note goals, vocation strategy, technology strategy, and product selling strategy. Since, markets, industries, technologies, and products for a technology confederation are continually evolving, an important theory that plays a vital role in the universe of strategy, and, in particular, private-enterprise(a) strategy, is the operative map (Clark and Wheelwright, 1993). present are some utilitarian dimensions along which to create working(a) maps for strategy construct a) evolution of the industry in which the enterprise operates (changes in technology, customer compulsions, warlike landscape, etc.) b) phylogenesis of strategy business, technology, and market of the enterprise c) develo ping of technology (including manufacturing), product platforms, and product lines of the enterprise. The addresses utilise for technology, product, and process festering inside the enterprise. d) crop (or decline) of the enterprise with treasure to of market share, revenue enhancements, costs, profits, etc. e) organisational social system of the enterprisef) tell apart decisions do at different stages in the life of enterprise, and the drivers for these decisions g) The interconnections and relationships between all the in a higher place dimensions A multi-dimensional operational map for Intel is given up in the gaining(a)(a) section. A very candid example of how working(a)maps can square off strategy is in the knowledge technology industry. A utile map of the teaching applied science perseverance from the mid-nineties to the 2000s would get wind a teddy from products to work. The serve business in 2007-08 is approximately $750 gazillion, with IBM, whos e share of this market is $54 billion, be the leader. HP, whose own share in the market is $17 billion fulfiling this exchange in the industry and the take to word form private-enterprise(a) strength, acquired explosive detection system, whose share of the market is $21 billion. The combined share of HP and EDS would then be $38 billion, allowing it to compete more strongly with IBM. other unsophisticated example of the use of a serviceable map in creating strategy is in the software package package product industry. In the 2000s the software market is despicable from a case product to online software, where individuals can get software that is in the main free, back up by publicize. Google is apply its leaders on the nett to provide online software that competes with Microsofts case software. correspondence this shift from packaged to online, and the alike(p) change in the revenue model from direct sales (of product) to advertising, Microsoft is crisply go in the online advertising business. passage for developing militant strategy in a companyIf we combine the stead framework for agonistical strategy cod to Porter, the evolutionary organization theoretic framework due to Burgelman, and augment these with the creation of applicable serviceable maps, then the resulting process of developing belligerent strategy in a company can be decomposed into quad stages, as follows. compass point 1 high society compendium1. yield the business goals and objectives (ROI, %market share, revenue, and growth aspirations). 2. jibe the technology strategy and product market strategy for the company. 3. define the boilersuit development goals and objectives to lay out business goals, technology, and market strategies. 4. gain the operative evolutionary maps of the markets and industry in which the company is embedded. pee-pee utilitarian maps (time-based evolutionary maps) for technology, product market, and manufacturingstrategy of th e firm. These maps leave alone be useful in the process of surveying and creating combative strategy. period 2 Industry epitome1. bring about the structural analysis of the industry in which the company is either an active competitor, or a new entrant, or a substitute. 2. checker the quick matched strategy of the company at heart the industry. 3. gear up the relationships between the company and the other players in the industry stratum 3 judicial decision and growth of the companys strategy in spite of appearance the pertinent markets and industries 1. apply the available maps of the overall markets and industry in which the company is embedded, as well as the company unique(predicate) useful maps, assess the evolution of the companys emulous strategy. 2. find out on what the companys future war-ridden strategy should be, and the same technology strategy, product market strategy, and manufacturing strategy. colour independent schema (also see bring forth strategy). self-directed strategy refers to actions of individuals or subatomic groups indoors the company that are alfresco the oscilloscope of received high-level collective strategy. age autonomous strategy is cumber by the companys typical ( consequence) competencies, it comm save (1) involves new competencies that are not the focus of the firm, and (2) results in so-called disruptive technologies that could change the strategic direction of the firm (Burgelman, 2002). connection twist ( upright piano vs. swimming). A plumb company is one which uses solitary(prenominal) its own copyrighted technologies. A swimming company is one which ( commonly because of the reality of open-standards) which does not only when assert on its own proprietorship technologies, but ordinarily uses technologies and products from other suppliers. In the computer industry, traditionally, Apple is an example of a good company, piece of music dell is an example of a even comp any. The computer industry, itself, travel from a vertical structure to a horizontal structure in the mid-eighties (Ghemawhat, 1999). corporal dodge (official corporate strategy). collective strategy is top managements view of the primer coat of the companys success.It includes plainive (core) competencies, product-market domains, and core set (Burgelman, 2002) Industry. The term industry, e.g., the consumer electronics industry,denotes (1) the manufacturers (or producers) and (2) the suppliers of a primary product or service, as well as (3) the manufacturers of alternative products and services that could serve as a substitute (Porter, 1980). merchandise. The term market denotes the buyers (or customers) of the product or service. typically markets are segmented, for example, a planar cleavage based on the types of product (product segmentation) along one axis, and the types of customers (customer segmentation) along the other axis. The market, as represent by Buyers is a n important part of the industry analysis in Porters framework. one time youve established the key assets and skills necessary to succeed in this business and puzzle delimitate your distinct matched advantage, you requirement to declivity them in a strategic form that willing attract market share as well as abide it. belligerent strategies usually fall into these five areas1. point of intersection2. diffusion3. set4. advance5. announce numerous of the factors leading to the formation of a strategy should already have been highlighted in precedent sections, specifically in merchandise strategies. Strategies in the main roll up close to establishing the point of entry in the product life rung and an supportable agonistical advantage. As weve already discussed, this involves be the elements that will set your product or service apart from your competitors or strategic groups. You need to establish this competitive advantage understandably so the endorser underst ands not only how you will come across your goals, but why your strategy will work.picReferencesBurgelman, R.A., dodging is mickle, The slack Press, young York, 2002. Chopra, Sunil, and ray of light Meindl, preparation kitchen stove Management, strategy,Planning, and trading operations, trine Edition, Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2007. Clark, K. B., and S.C. Wheelwright, Managing novel reaping and movement Development, textbook and Cases, The bring out Press, youthful York, 1993. Edwards, Cliff, Intel, avocation Week, marching 8, 2004, Pages 56-64. Ghemawat, Pankaj, outline and the railway line Landscape, school text and Cases, Addison Wesley, 1999. Mintzberg, total heat and Bruce Ahlstrand, and Joseph Lampel, strategy Safari, The relinquish Press, new(a) York, 1998 Porter, Michael, free-enterprise(a) strategy, parvenu York, The bleak Press, 1980 Porter, Michael, emulous Advantage, The unblock Press, pertly York, 1985 grade 1 A strategic view of the techno logy firm, presentation different types of strategy revenue enhancement ($), harvest-home (%), etc. think of the company pecuniary dodgingmilitant dodgingMarketStrategy applied scienceStrategyBusiness Goals mint delegating